schema-markup

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Schema Markup / Structured Data

Schema标记 / 结构化数据

Schema markup is machine-readable context added to web pages that tells search engines what your content means, not just what it says. JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is Google's recommended implementation format - injected via a

<script type="application/ld+json">

tag rather than woven into the HTML. Implementing correct structured data makes pages eligible for rich results in Google Search: star ratings, FAQ dropdowns, breadcrumb trails, recipe cards, event listings, and more. Rich results increase click-through rates by making listings visually distinct in the SERP.

Schema标记是添加到网页中的机器可读上下文，它告诉搜索引擎你的内容表达的含义，而不只是内容字面信息。JSON-LD（用于关联数据的JavaScript对象表示法）是Google推荐的实现格式——通过

<script type="application/ld+json">

标签注入，而非嵌入到HTML中。正确实现结构化数据可让页面获得Google搜索的富搜索结果资格：包括星级评分、FAQ下拉菜单、面包屑导航、食谱卡片、活动列表等。富搜索结果通过在搜索结果页（SERP）中让列表视觉上更突出，从而提高点击率。

When to use this skill

何时使用本技能

Trigger this skill when the user:

Wants to implement structured data or schema markup on a page
Asks about adding FAQ schema, Product schema, Article schema, or any Schema.org type
Needs to add breadcrumb navigation markup
Wants to make a page eligible for Google rich results or rich snippets
Asks to validate or debug structured data errors in Google Search Console
Needs to integrate JSON-LD into a framework (Next.js, Nuxt, Astro, etc.)
Asks which schema type to use for a given content type

Do NOT trigger this skill for:

General on-page SEO (meta tags, title tags, keyword optimization) - use
```
technical-seo-engineering
```
instead
Performance or Core Web Vitals improvements - those are separate concerns

当用户有以下需求时触发本技能：

希望在页面上实现结构化数据或Schema标记
询问添加FAQ Schema、Product Schema、Article Schema或任何Schema.org类型的方法
需要添加面包屑导航标记
希望让页面具备Google富搜索结果（或富摘要）的资格
询问如何在Google Search Console中验证或调试结构化数据错误
需要将JSON-LD集成到框架中（Next.js、Nuxt、Astro等）
询问针对特定内容类型应使用哪种Schema类型

请勿在以下场景触发本技能：

通用页面SEO（元标签、标题标签、关键词优化）——请使用
```
technical-seo-engineering
```
技能
性能或Core Web Vitals优化——这些属于独立的关注点

Key principles

核心原则

Always use JSON-LD format - Google recommends JSON-LD over Microdata and RDFa. JSON-LD keeps structured data separate from HTML, making it easier to maintain and less error-prone. Inject it in
```
<head>
```
or
```
<body>
```
via a script tag.
Only mark up content visible on the page - Google's guidelines explicitly prohibit marking up content that users cannot see. If a product price or FAQ answer is not rendered on the page, do not include it in the schema.
Structured data earns rich results, it does not boost rankings - JSON-LD does not directly improve a page's position in search results. It makes the page eligible for enhanced SERP features (stars, FAQs, breadcrumbs). Eligibility does not guarantee display - Google decides based on query and content quality.
Validate before every deploy - Invalid schema is silently ignored by Google. Run the Rich Results Test and Schema.org Validator on every significant change. See
```
references/validation-testing.md
```
.
One primary type per page, plus supporting types - Each page should have one main
```
@type
```
matching its primary content (e.g.
```
Product
```
,
```
Article
```
,
```
FAQPage
```
). Supplementary types like
```
BreadcrumbList
```
or
```
Organization
```
can be added as additional top-level objects in the same script tag or a separate one.

始终使用JSON-LD格式——Google推荐优先使用JSON-LD而非Microdata和RDFa。JSON-LD将结构化数据与HTML分离，更易于维护且出错概率更低。可通过脚本标签将其注入到
```
<head>
```
或
```
<body>
```
中。
仅标记页面上可见的内容——Google指南明确禁止标记用户无法看到的内容。如果产品价格或FAQ答案未在页面上显示，请勿将其包含在Schema中。
结构化数据仅获取富搜索结果资格，不直接提升排名——JSON-LD不会直接提升页面在搜索结果中的排名，它只是让页面具备增强型搜索结果（星级、FAQ、面包屑）的资格。获得资格不保证会展示——Google会根据查询内容和内容质量决定是否展示。
每次部署前都要验证——无效的Schema会被Google静默忽略。每次重大变更后都要运行Rich Results Test和Schema.org Validator。详情请参阅
```
references/validation-testing.md
```
。
每个页面一个主类型，可附加支持类型——每个页面应有一个与其主要内容匹配的主
```
@type
```
（如
```
Product
```
、
```
Article
```
、
```
FAQPage
```
）。可在同一个脚本标签或单独的标签中添加
```
BreadcrumbList
```
或
```
Organization
```
等补充类型作为额外的顶级对象。

Core concepts

核心概念

Schema.org vocabulary is a collaborative ontology backed by Google, Bing, Yahoo, and Yandex. Every valid type and property is documented at schema.org. The vocabulary is hierarchical:

LocalBusiness

extends

Organization

which extends

Thing

. Properties from parent types are inherited by all child types.

JSON-LD structure revolves around three core fields:

```
@context
```
: always
```
"https://schema.org"
```
- declares the vocabulary
```
@type
```
: the Schema.org type (e.g.
```
"Product"
```
,
```
"FAQPage"
```
,
```
"BreadcrumbList"
```
)
```
@id
```
: optional stable URL identifier for the entity (helps Google's Knowledge Graph)

Nesting allows rich relationships. A

Product

can nest

AggregateRating

and

Offer

objects directly. A

HowTo

nests

HowToStep

items. Nesting is preferred over flat data when the relationship is semantically meaningful.

Required vs recommended properties - Google's documentation distinguishes between properties required for eligibility and those that are recommended for better rich result appearance. Missing required fields causes the rich result to be suppressed. Missing recommended fields may reduce display richness.

Rich Results eligibility is type-specific. Not every Schema.org type produces a rich result. Google-supported types include: Article, Breadcrumb, Event, FAQ, HowTo, JobPosting, LocalBusiness, Product, Recipe, Review, VideoObject, and others. See

references/schema-types-catalog.md

for the full list with requirements.

Schema.org词汇是由Google、Bing、Yahoo和Yandex共同支持的协作本体。所有有效的类型和属性都在schema.org上有文档记录。词汇具有层级结构：

LocalBusiness

继承自

Organization

，而

Organization

又继承自

Thing

。父类型的属性会被所有子类型继承。

JSON-LD结构围绕三个核心字段展开：

```
@context
```
：固定为
```
"https://schema.org"
```
——声明所使用的词汇
```
@type
```
：Schema.org类型（如
```
"Product"
```
、
```
"FAQPage"
```
、
```
"BreadcrumbList"
```
）
```
@id
```
：可选的实体稳定URL标识符（有助于Google知识图谱识别）

嵌套可实现丰富的关系表达。

Product

可直接嵌套

AggregateRating

和

Offer

对象。

HowTo

可嵌套

HowToStep

项。当关系在语义上有意义时，优先使用嵌套而非扁平数据。

必填与推荐属性——Google文档区分了资格所需的属性和优化富搜索结果展示的推荐属性。缺少必填字段会导致富搜索结果被屏蔽，缺少推荐字段可能会降低展示效果的丰富度。

富搜索结果资格因类型而异。并非所有Schema.org类型都能生成富搜索结果。Google支持的类型包括：Article、Breadcrumb、Event、FAQ、HowTo、JobPosting、LocalBusiness、Product、Recipe、Review、VideoObject等。完整列表及要求请参阅

references/schema-types-catalog.md

。

Common tasks

常见任务

Implement Product schema with offers and ratings

实现包含报价和评分的Product Schema

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Product",
  "name": "Wireless Noise-Cancelling Headphones",
  "image": "https://example.com/images/headphones.jpg",
  "description": "Premium wireless headphones with 30-hour battery life.",
  "sku": "WH-1000XM5",
  "brand": {
    "@type": "Brand",
    "name": "SoundMax"
  },
  "aggregateRating": {
    "@type": "AggregateRating",
    "ratingValue": "4.7",
    "reviewCount": "2048"
  },
  "offers": {
    "@type": "Offer",
    "url": "https://example.com/headphones",
    "priceCurrency": "USD",
    "price": "299.99",
    "priceValidUntil": "2025-12-31",
    "itemCondition": "https://schema.org/NewCondition",
    "availability": "https://schema.org/InStock"
  }
}
</script>

Required fields for Product rich results:

name

image

, plus at least one of

aggregateRating

offers

, or

review

. Always use

https://schema.org/

URLs for

itemCondition

and

availability

values.

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Product",
  "name": "Wireless Noise-Cancelling Headphones",
  "image": "https://example.com/images/headphones.jpg",
  "description": "Premium wireless headphones with 30-hour battery life.",
  "sku": "WH-1000XM5",
  "brand": {
    "@type": "Brand",
    "name": "SoundMax"
  },
  "aggregateRating": {
    "@type": "AggregateRating",
    "ratingValue": "4.7",
    "reviewCount": "2048"
  },
  "offers": {
    "@type": "Offer",
    "url": "https://example.com/headphones",
    "priceCurrency": "USD",
    "price": "299.99",
    "priceValidUntil": "2025-12-31",
    "itemCondition": "https://schema.org/NewCondition",
    "availability": "https://schema.org/InStock"
  }
}
</script>

Product富搜索结果的必填字段：

name

、

image

，以及

aggregateRating

、

offers

或

review

中的至少一个。

itemCondition

和

availability

的值请务必使用

https://schema.org/

开头的完整URL。

Add FAQPage schema

添加FAQPage Schema

Use

FAQPage

when the page contains a list of question-and-answer pairs where the user is seeking answers (not a community Q&A page). Each question must appear on the page - do not include hidden FAQ items.

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "FAQPage",
  "mainEntity": [
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "What is your return policy?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "We accept returns within 30 days of purchase. Items must be in original condition."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Do you offer free shipping?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Free standard shipping on orders over $50 within the contiguous United States."
      }
    }
  ]
}
</script>

当页面包含用户寻求答案的问答对列表时（非社区问答页面），使用

FAQPage

。每个问题必须在页面上显示——请勿包含隐藏的FAQ项。

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "FAQPage",
  "mainEntity": [
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "What is your return policy?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "We accept returns within 30 days of purchase. Items must be in original condition."
      }
    },
    {
      "@type": "Question",
      "name": "Do you offer free shipping?",
      "acceptedAnswer": {
        "@type": "Answer",
        "text": "Free standard shipping on orders over $50 within the contiguous United States."
      }
    }
  ]
}
</script>

Implement BreadcrumbList

实现BreadcrumbList

Breadcrumbs in schema must match the breadcrumb navigation visible on the page. Position values must start at 1 and increment sequentially.

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
  "itemListElement": [
    {
      "@type": "ListItem",
      "position": 1,
      "name": "Home",
      "item": "https://example.com"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ListItem",
      "position": 2,
      "name": "Electronics",
      "item": "https://example.com/electronics"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ListItem",
      "position": 3,
      "name": "Headphones",
      "item": "https://example.com/electronics/headphones"
    }
  ]
}
</script>

Schema中的面包屑必须与页面上显示的面包屑导航一致。位置值必须从1开始依次递增。

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
  "itemListElement": [
    {
      "@type": "ListItem",
      "position": 1,
      "name": "Home",
      "item": "https://example.com"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ListItem",
      "position": 2,
      "name": "Electronics",
      "item": "https://example.com/electronics"
    },
    {
      "@type": "ListItem",
      "position": 3,
      "name": "Headphones",
      "item": "https://example.com/electronics/headphones"
    }
  ]
}
</script>

Add Article schema for blog posts

为博客文章添加Article Schema

Use

Article

for news and blog content,

BlogPosting

for blog-specific posts. Both produce the same rich result treatment;

BlogPosting

is a subtype of

Article

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "BlogPosting",
  "headline": "10 Tips for Better Sleep",
  "image": "https://example.com/images/sleep-tips.jpg",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "Dr. Jane Smith",
    "url": "https://example.com/authors/jane-smith"
  },
  "publisher": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "Wellness Daily",
    "logo": {
      "@type": "ImageObject",
      "url": "https://example.com/logo.png"
    }
  },
  "datePublished": "2024-11-15",
  "dateModified": "2025-01-20",
  "description": "Evidence-based sleep hygiene tips from a certified sleep specialist."
}
</script>

新闻和博客内容使用

Article

，特定博客文章使用

BlogPosting

。两者的富搜索结果展示效果相同；

BlogPosting

是

Article

的子类型。

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "BlogPosting",
  "headline": "10 Tips for Better Sleep",
  "image": "https://example.com/images/sleep-tips.jpg",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "Dr. Jane Smith",
    "url": "https://example.com/authors/jane-smith"
  },
  "publisher": {
    "@type": "Organization",
    "name": "Wellness Daily",
    "logo": {
      "@type": "ImageObject",
      "url": "https://example.com/logo.png"
    }
  },
  "datePublished": "2024-11-15",
  "dateModified": "2025-01-20",
  "description": "Evidence-based sleep hygiene tips from a certified sleep specialist."
}
</script>

Implement Organization / LocalBusiness schema

实现Organization / LocalBusiness Schema

Place

Organization

on the homepage or about page. Use

LocalBusiness

(or a more specific subtype like

Restaurant

MedicalBusiness

) for businesses with a physical location.

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "LocalBusiness",
  "name": "Green Leaf Cafe",
  "image": "https://example.com/cafe.jpg",
  "@id": "https://example.com/#business",
  "url": "https://example.com",
  "telephone": "+1-555-234-5678",
  "address": {
    "@type": "PostalAddress",
    "streetAddress": "123 Main Street",
    "addressLocality": "Portland",
    "addressRegion": "OR",
    "postalCode": "97201",
    "addressCountry": "US"
  },
  "openingHoursSpecification": [
    {
      "@type": "OpeningHoursSpecification",
      "dayOfWeek": ["Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday"],
      "opens": "07:00",
      "closes": "18:00"
    }
  ],
  "geo": {
    "@type": "GeoCoordinates",
    "latitude": 45.5231,
    "longitude": -122.6765
  }
}
</script>

将

Organization

放置在首页或关于我们页面。对于有实体门店的企业，使用

LocalBusiness

（或更具体的子类型，如

Restaurant

、

MedicalBusiness

）。

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "LocalBusiness",
  "name": "Green Leaf Cafe",
  "image": "https://example.com/cafe.jpg",
  "@id": "https://example.com/#business",
  "url": "https://example.com",
  "telephone": "+1-555-234-5678",
  "address": {
    "@type": "PostalAddress",
    "streetAddress": "123 Main Street",
    "addressLocality": "Portland",
    "addressRegion": "OR",
    "postalCode": "97201",
    "addressCountry": "US"
  },
  "openingHoursSpecification": [
    {
      "@type": "OpeningHoursSpecification",
      "dayOfWeek": ["Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday"],
      "opens": "07:00",
      "closes": "18:00"
    }
  ],
  "geo": {
    "@type": "GeoCoordinates",
    "latitude": 45.5231,
    "longitude": -122.6765
  }
}
</script>

Add HowTo schema

添加HowTo Schema

Use

HowTo

for step-by-step instructional content. Each step should have a

name

(short step title) and

text

(detailed description). Steps can include images for richer display.

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "HowTo",
  "name": "How to Change a Bicycle Tire",
  "description": "Step-by-step guide to replacing a flat bicycle tire at home.",
  "totalTime": "PT20M",
  "tool": [
    { "@type": "HowToTool", "name": "Tire levers" },
    { "@type": "HowToTool", "name": "Pump" }
  ],
  "step": [
    {
      "@type": "HowToStep",
      "position": 1,
      "name": "Remove the wheel",
      "text": "Loosen the axle nuts or quick-release lever and pull the wheel free from the dropouts."
    },
    {
      "@type": "HowToStep",
      "position": 2,
      "name": "Remove the tire",
      "text": "Insert tire levers under the tire bead and work them around the rim to pop the tire off."
    },
    {
      "@type": "HowToStep",
      "position": 3,
      "name": "Install the new tube",
      "text": "Place the new inner tube inside the tire, seat the valve through the rim hole, then press the tire back onto the rim."
    }
  ]
}
</script>

针对分步教学内容使用

HowTo

。每个步骤应包含

name

（步骤简短标题）和

text

（详细描述）。步骤可包含图片以获得更丰富的展示效果。

html

<script type="application/ld+json">
{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "HowTo",
  "name": "How to Change a Bicycle Tire",
  "description": "Step-by-step guide to replacing a flat bicycle tire at home.",
  "totalTime": "PT20M",
  "tool": [
    { "@type": "HowToTool", "name": "Tire levers" },
    { "@type": "HowToTool", "name": "Pump" }
  ],
  "step": [
    {
      "@type": "HowToStep",
      "position": 1,
      "name": "Remove the wheel",
      "text": "Loosen the axle nuts or quick-release lever and pull the wheel free from the dropouts."
    },
    {
      "@type": "HowToStep",
      "position": 2,
      "name": "Remove the tire",
      "text": "Insert tire levers under the tire bead and work them around the rim to pop the tire off."
    },
    {
      "@type": "HowToStep",
      "position": 3,
      "name": "Install the new tube",
      "text": "Place the new inner tube inside the tire, seat the valve through the rim hole, then press the tire back onto the rim."
    }
  ]
}
</script>

Framework integration - Next.js App Router

框架集成 - Next.js App Router

In Next.js App Router, inject JSON-LD using a script tag inside the page component. Do not use

next/head

for this - it is not needed for JSON-LD.

tsx

// app/products/[slug]/page.tsx
export default function ProductPage({ product }: { product: Product }) {
  const jsonLd = {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "Product",
    "name": product.name,
    "description": product.description,
    "offers": {
      "@type": "Offer",
      "price": product.price,
      "priceCurrency": "USD",
      "availability": "https://schema.org/InStock"
    }
  };

  return (
    <>
      <script
        type="application/ld+json"
        dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: JSON.stringify(jsonLd) }}
      />
      {/* page content */}
    </>
  );
}

For Nuxt, use

useHead()

composable with a script entry. For Astro, inject the script tag directly in the

.astro

component's

<head>

slot. Both follow the same pattern: serialize the object and inject as

type="application/ld+json"

在Next.js App Router中，可在页面组件内通过脚本标签注入JSON-LD。无需为此使用

next/head

——JSON-LD不需要该组件。

tsx

// app/products/[slug]/page.tsx
export default function ProductPage({ product }: { product: Product }) {
  const jsonLd = {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "Product",
    "name": product.name,
    "description": product.description,
    "offers": {
      "@type": "Offer",
      "price": product.price,
      "priceCurrency": "USD",
      "availability": "https://schema.org/InStock"
    }
  };

  return (
    <>
      <script
        type="application/ld+json"
        dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: JSON.stringify(jsonLd) }}
      />
      {/* page content */}
    </>
  );
}

对于Nuxt，使用

useHead()

组合式API添加脚本条目。对于Astro，直接在

.astro

组件的

<head>

插槽中注入脚本标签。两者遵循相同的模式：将对象序列化为字符串并以

type="application/ld+json"

类型注入。

Gotchas

常见陷阱

Rich Results Test passes but nothing appears in SERPs - Passing validation only confirms syntax correctness. Google still decides whether to display rich results based on content quality, query relevance, and site authority. Schema eligibility is not a guarantee of display.
Product schema with dynamic pricing goes stale - If
```
price
```
or
```
availability
```
are hardcoded in the template rather than dynamically rendered from live data, they drift out of sync. Google issues manual actions for misleading structured data. Always generate these fields server-side from live inventory.
FAQPage on community Q&A pages triggers spam detection -
```
FAQPage
```
is for single-author authoritative Q&A (e.g., a brand's own FAQ). Marking up a community forum or user-generated Q&A as
```
FAQPage
```
violates Google's guidelines and can result in the rich result being suppressed across the entire domain.
Multiple
@type
blocks for the same entity cause conflicts - Having two separate
```
<script type="application/ld+json">
```
blocks that both describe the same
```
Product
```
or
```
Organization
```
creates conflicting signals. Combine into one block or use an array at the top level.
Next.js
dangerouslySetInnerHTML
without JSON sanitization - If any product name or description contains a
```
</script>
```
string (possible in user-generated content), it will break the JSON-LD block. Always sanitize dynamic strings or use a JSON serialization library that escapes special characters.

Rich Results Test通过但搜索结果中未显示——通过验证仅确认语法正确，Google仍会根据内容质量、查询相关性和站点权威性决定是否展示富搜索结果。获得Schema资格不保证会展示。
动态定价的Product Schema过时——如果
```
price
```
或
```
availability
```
是硬编码在模板中而非从实时数据动态渲染，它们会逐渐与实际情况脱节。Google会对误导性结构化数据采取人工处罚措施。请始终从实时库存数据中服务端生成这些字段。
社区问答页面使用FAQPage触发垃圾检测——
```
FAQPage
```
适用于单一作者的权威问答（如品牌自身的FAQ）。将社区论坛或用户生成的问答标记为
```
FAQPage
```
违反Google指南，可能导致整个域名的富搜索结果被屏蔽。
同一实体的多个
@type
块导致冲突——两个独立的
```
<script type="application/ld+json">
```
块描述同一个
```
Product
```
或
```
Organization
```
会产生冲突信号。请合并为一个块，或在顶层使用数组。
Next.js中使用
dangerouslySetInnerHTML
未进行JSON sanitization——如果产品名称或描述包含
```
</script>
```
字符串（用户生成内容中可能出现），会破坏JSON-LD块。请始终对动态字符串进行清理，或使用可转义特殊字符的JSON序列化库。

Anti-patterns / common mistakes

反模式 / 常见错误

Mistake	Why it's wrong	What to do instead
Marking up hidden content	Google's guidelines prohibit schema for content not rendered to users. Penalizable as spam.	Only include data that is visible and readable on the page
Duplicate `@type` declarations	Multiple conflicting schema blocks for the same entity confuse parsers and waste crawl budget	Use one block per entity; combine supporting types in the same `<script>` tag as an array
Using Microdata instead of JSON-LD	Microdata is tightly coupled to HTML structure, harder to maintain, and error-prone when HTML changes	Use JSON-LD exclusively; it is decoupled from HTML markup
Wrong `availability` / `itemCondition` values	Using plain strings like `"InStock"` instead of the full schema.org URL causes validation errors	Use full URLs: `"https://schema.org/InStock"` , `"https://schema.org/NewCondition"`
Skipping validation before deploy	Invalid schema is silently ignored - no error, no rich result, no feedback loop	Run Rich Results Test at `search.google.com/test/rich-results` before every deploy
Assuming schema improves rankings	Schema does not directly affect ranking position; misplaced expectations lead to wasted effort	Use schema for rich result eligibility and CTR improvement, not ranking manipulation
Stale price / availability data	Product offers with outdated prices trigger Search Console warnings and damage trust	Keep `price` and `availability` dynamically generated from live data; set `priceValidUntil`

错误做法	错误原因	正确做法
标记隐藏内容	Google指南禁止对未向用户展示的内容添加Schema，会被视为垃圾内容处罚	仅包含页面上可见且可读的数据
重复声明 `@type`	同一实体的多个冲突Schema块会混淆解析器并浪费爬取预算	每个实体使用一个块；将支持类型合并到同一个 `<script>` 标签中作为数组
使用Microdata而非JSON-LD	Microdata与HTML结构紧密耦合，维护难度大，且HTML变更时容易出错	仅使用JSON-LD；它与HTML标记解耦
`availability` / `itemCondition` 值错误	使用普通字符串如 `"InStock"` 而非完整的schema.org URL会导致验证错误	使用完整URL： `"https://schema.org/InStock"` 、 `"https://schema.org/NewCondition"`
部署前跳过验证	无效的Schema会被静默忽略——无错误提示、无富搜索结果、无反馈循环	每次部署前都要在 `search.google.com/test/rich-results` 运行Rich Results Test
认为Schema可提升排名	Schema不会直接影响排名位置；错误的预期会导致精力浪费	使用Schema获取富搜索结果资格并提升点击率，而非操纵排名
价格/库存数据过时	产品报价使用过时价格会触发Search Console警告并损害信任度	从实时数据动态生成 `price` 和 `availability` ；设置 `priceValidUntil` 字段

References

参考资料

For deep detail on specific topics, load the relevant file from

references/

```
references/schema-types-catalog.md
```
- Full catalog of Google-supported Schema.org types with required/recommended fields and JSON-LD examples. Load when selecting the right type or checking required properties.
```
references/validation-testing.md
```
- How to validate structured data with Rich Results Test, Search Console, and CI/CD integration. Load when debugging schema errors or setting up automated validation.

Only load a references file if the current task requires detail beyond what is in this SKILL.md.

如需特定主题的详细信息，请从

references/

加载相关文件：

```
references/schema-types-catalog.md
```
——Google支持的所有Schema.org类型的完整目录，包含必填/推荐字段和JSON-LD示例。选择正确类型或检查必填属性时加载。
```
references/validation-testing.md
```
——如何使用Rich Results Test、Search Console和CI/CD集成验证结构化数据。调试Schema错误或设置自动化验证时加载。

仅当当前任务需要本SKILL.md之外的详细信息时，才加载参考文件。

Companion check

配套技能检查

On first activation of this skill in a conversation: check which companion skills are installed by running
ls ~/.claude/skills/ ~/.agent/skills/ ~/.agents/skills/ .claude/skills/ .agent/skills/ .agents/skills/ 2>/dev/null
. Compare the results against the
recommended_skills
field in this file's frontmatter. For any that are missing, mention them once and offer to install:
npx skills add AbsolutelySkilled/AbsolutelySkilled --skill <name>
Skip entirely if
recommended_skills
is empty or all companions are already installed.

在对话中首次激活本技能时：通过运行
ls ~/.claude/skills/ ~/.agent/skills/ ~/.agents/skills/ .claude/skills/ .agent/skills/ .agents/skills/ 2>/dev/null
检查已安装的配套技能。将结果与本文件前 Matter 中的
recommended_skills
字段进行比较。对于缺失的技能，提及一次并提供安装命令：
npx skills add AbsolutelySkilled/AbsolutelySkilled --skill <name>
如果
recommended_skills
为空或所有配套技能已安装，请跳过此步骤。