domain-ml
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ChineseMachine Learning Domain
机器学习领域
Layer 3: Domain Constraints
第3层:领域约束
Domain Constraints → Design Implications
领域约束 → 设计含义
| Domain Rule | Design Constraint | Rust Implication |
|---|---|---|
| Large data | Efficient memory | Zero-copy, streaming |
| GPU acceleration | CUDA/Metal support | candle, tch-rs |
| Model portability | Standard formats | ONNX |
| Batch processing | Throughput over latency | Batched inference |
| Numerical precision | Float handling | ndarray, careful f32/f64 |
| Reproducibility | Deterministic | Seeded random, versioning |
| 领域规则 | 设计约束 | Rust 实现要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 数据量大 | 内存高效 | Zero-copy, streaming |
| GPU 加速 | 支持 CUDA/Metal | candle, tch-rs |
| 模型可移植性 | 标准格式 | ONNX |
| 批量处理 | 吞吐量优先于延迟 | Batched inference |
| 数值精度 | 浮点数处理 | ndarray, careful f32/f64 |
| 可复现性 | 确定性 | Seeded random, versioning |
Critical Constraints
核心约束
Memory Efficiency
内存效率
RULE: Avoid copying large tensors
WHY: Memory bandwidth is bottleneck
RUST: References, views, in-place opsRULE: Avoid copying large tensors
WHY: Memory bandwidth is bottleneck
RUST: References, views, in-place opsGPU Utilization
GPU 利用率
RULE: Batch operations for GPU efficiency
WHY: GPU overhead per kernel launch
RUST: Batch sizes, async data loadingRULE: Batch operations for GPU efficiency
WHY: GPU overhead per kernel launch
RUST: Batch sizes, async data loadingModel Portability
模型可移植性
RULE: Use standard model formats
WHY: Train in Python, deploy in Rust
RUST: ONNX via tract or candleRULE: Use standard model formats
WHY: Train in Python, deploy in Rust
RUST: ONNX via tract or candleTrace Down ↓
向下溯源 ↓
From constraints to design (Layer 2):
"Need efficient data pipelines"
↓ m10-performance: Streaming, batching
↓ polars: Lazy evaluation
"Need GPU inference"
↓ m07-concurrency: Async data loading
↓ candle/tch-rs: CUDA backend
"Need model loading"
↓ m12-lifecycle: Lazy init, caching
↓ tract: ONNX runtime从约束到设计(第2层):
"Need efficient data pipelines"
↓ m10-performance: Streaming, batching
↓ polars: Lazy evaluation
"Need GPU inference"
↓ m07-concurrency: Async data loading
↓ candle/tch-rs: CUDA backend
"Need model loading"
↓ m12-lifecycle: Lazy init, caching
↓ tract: ONNX runtimeUse Case → Framework
用例 → 框架
| Use Case | Recommended | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Inference only | tract (ONNX) | Lightweight, portable |
| Training + inference | candle, burn | Pure Rust, GPU |
| PyTorch models | tch-rs | Direct bindings |
| Data pipelines | polars | Fast, lazy eval |
| 用例 | 推荐方案 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| 仅推理 | tract (ONNX) | 轻量、可移植 |
| 训练 + 推理 | candle, burn | 纯 Rust 实现、支持 GPU |
| PyTorch 模型 | tch-rs | 直接绑定 |
| 数据管道 | polars | 速度快、惰性求值 |
Key Crates
关键 Crate
| Purpose | Crate |
|---|---|
| Tensors | ndarray |
| ONNX inference | tract |
| ML framework | candle, burn |
| PyTorch bindings | tch-rs |
| Data processing | polars |
| Embeddings | fastembed |
| 用途 | Crate |
|---|---|
| 张量 | ndarray |
| ONNX 推理 | tract |
| ML 框架 | candle, burn |
| PyTorch 绑定 | tch-rs |
| 数据处理 | polars |
| Embedding 生成 | fastembed |
Design Patterns
设计模式
| Pattern | Purpose | Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| Model loading | Once, reuse | |
| Batching | Throughput | Collect then process |
| Streaming | Large data | Iterator-based |
| GPU async | Parallelism | Data loading parallel to compute |
| 模式 | 用途 | 实现方式 |
|---|---|---|
| 模型加载 | 一次加载、重复使用 | |
| 批处理 | 提升吞吐量 | 先收集再处理 |
| 流式处理 | 处理大量数据 | 基于迭代器实现 |
| GPU 异步 | 并行处理 | 数据加载与计算并行 |
Code Pattern: Inference Server
代码模式:推理服务
rust
use std::sync::OnceLock;
use tract_onnx::prelude::*;
static MODEL: OnceLock<SimplePlan<TypedFact, Box<dyn TypedOp>, Graph<TypedFact, Box<dyn TypedOp>>>> = OnceLock::new();
fn get_model() -> &'static SimplePlan<...> {
MODEL.get_or_init(|| {
tract_onnx::onnx()
.model_for_path("model.onnx")
.unwrap()
.into_optimized()
.unwrap()
.into_runnable()
.unwrap()
})
}
async fn predict(input: Vec<f32>) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<f32>> {
let model = get_model();
let input = tract_ndarray::arr1(&input).into_shape((1, input.len()))?;
let result = model.run(tvec!(input.into()))?;
Ok(result[0].to_array_view::<f32>()?.iter().copied().collect())
}rust
use std::sync::OnceLock;
use tract_onnx::prelude::*;
static MODEL: OnceLock<SimplePlan<TypedFact, Box<dyn TypedOp>, Graph<TypedFact, Box<dyn TypedOp>>>> = OnceLock::new();
fn get_model() -> &'static SimplePlan<...> {
MODEL.get_or_init(|| {
tract_onnx::onnx()
.model_for_path("model.onnx")
.unwrap()
.into_optimized()
.unwrap()
.into_runnable()
.unwrap()
})
}
async fn predict(input: Vec<f32>) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<f32>> {
let model = get_model();
let input = tract_ndarray::arr1(&input).into_shape((1, input.len()))?;
let result = model.run(tvec!(input.into()))?;
Ok(result[0].to_array_view::<f32>()?.iter().copied().collect())
}Code Pattern: Batched Inference
代码模式:批量推理
rust
async fn batch_predict(inputs: Vec<Vec<f32>>, batch_size: usize) -> Vec<Vec<f32>> {
let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(inputs.len());
for batch in inputs.chunks(batch_size) {
// Stack inputs into batch tensor
let batch_tensor = stack_inputs(batch);
// Run inference on batch
let batch_output = model.run(batch_tensor).await;
// Unstack results
results.extend(unstack_outputs(batch_output));
}
results
}rust
async fn batch_predict(inputs: Vec<Vec<f32>>, batch_size: usize) -> Vec<Vec<f32>> {
let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(inputs.len());
for batch in inputs.chunks(batch_size) {
// Stack inputs into batch tensor
let batch_tensor = stack_inputs(batch);
// Run inference on batch
let batch_output = model.run(batch_tensor).await;
// Unstack results
results.extend(unstack_outputs(batch_output));
}
results
}Common Mistakes
常见错误
| Mistake | Domain Violation | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Clone tensors | Memory waste | Use views |
| Single inference | GPU underutilized | Batch processing |
| Load model per request | Slow | Singleton pattern |
| Sync data loading | GPU idle | Async pipeline |
| 错误 | 违反的领域规则 | 修复方案 |
|---|---|---|
| 克隆张量 | 内存浪费 | 使用视图 |
| 单次推理 | GPU 利用率不足 | 使用批处理 |
| 每个请求都加载模型 | 速度慢 | 使用单例模式 |
| 同步加载数据 | GPU 闲置 | 使用异步流水线 |
Trace to Layer 1
溯源到第1层
| Constraint | Layer 2 Pattern | Layer 1 Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| Memory efficiency | Zero-copy | ndarray views |
| Model singleton | Lazy init | OnceLock<Model> |
| Batch processing | Chunked iteration | chunks() + parallel |
| GPU async | Concurrent loading | tokio::spawn + GPU |
| 约束 | 第2层模式 | 第1层实现 |
|---|---|---|
| 内存效率 | 零拷贝 | ndarray views |
| 模型单例 | 惰性初始化 | OnceLock<Model> |
| 批处理 | 分块迭代 | chunks() + parallel |
| GPU 异步 | 并发加载 | tokio::spawn + GPU |
Related Skills
相关技能
| When | See |
|---|---|
| Performance | m10-performance |
| Lazy initialization | m12-lifecycle |
| Async patterns | m07-concurrency |
| Memory efficiency | m01-ownership |
| 适用场景 | 参考 |
|---|---|
| 性能优化 | m10-performance |
| 惰性初始化 | m12-lifecycle |
| 异步模式 | m07-concurrency |
| 内存效率 | m01-ownership |