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De novo binder design?
│
├─ Standard target → BoltzGen (recommended)
│ All-atom output (no separate ProteinMPNN step needed)
│ Better for ligand/small molecule binding
│ Single-step design (backbone + sequence + side chains)
│
├─ Need diversity/exploration → RFdiffusion + ProteinMPNN
│ Maximum backbone diversity
│ Two-step: backbone then sequence
│
├─ Integrated validation → BindCraft
│ Built-in AF2 validation
│ End-to-end pipeline
│
├─ Ligand binding → BoltzGen ✓
│ All-atom diffusion handles ligand context
│
├─ Peptide/nanobody → Germinal
│ VHH/nanobody design
│ Germline-aware optimization
│
└─ Antibody/Nanobody
+-- VHH design --> germinal skill是否需要从头设计结合剂?
│
├─ 标准靶标 → BoltzGen(推荐)
│ 全原子输出(无需单独执行ProteinMPNN步骤)
│ 更适用于配体/小分子结合
│ 单步设计(骨架 + 序列 + 侧链)
│
├─ 需要多样性/探索性设计 → RFdiffusion + ProteinMPNN
│ 骨架多样性最大化
│ 两步流程:先设计骨架再生成序列
│
├─ 集成验证功能 → BindCraft
│ 内置AF2验证
│ 端到端流程
│
├─ 配体结合 → BoltzGen ✓
│ 全原子扩散模型可处理配体上下文
│
├─ 肽/纳米抗体 → Germinal
│ VHH/纳米抗体设计
│ 胚系序列感知优化
│
└─ 抗体/纳米抗体
+-- VHH设计 --> germinal技能| Tool | Strengths | Weaknesses | Best For |
|---|---|---|---|
| BoltzGen | All-atom, single-step, ligand-aware | Higher GPU requirement | Standard (recommended) |
| BindCraft | End-to-end, built-in AF2 validation | Less diverse | Production campaigns |
| RFdiffusion | High diversity, fast | Requires ProteinMPNN | Exploration, diversity |
| Germinal | Nanobody/VHH design | Specialized | Antibody optimization |
| 工具 | 优势 | 劣势 | 最佳适用场景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| BoltzGen | 全原子、单步流程、支持配体感知 | 对GPU要求较高 | 标准场景(推荐) |
| BindCraft | 端到端流程、内置AF2验证 | 多样性较低 | 生产级项目 |
| RFdiffusion | 多样性高、速度快 | 需要搭配ProteinMPNN使用 | 探索性设计、多样性需求场景 |
| Germinal | 纳米抗体/VHH设计 | 功能专一 | 抗体优化 |
Target → BoltzGen → Validate → Filter
(pdb) (all-atom) (chai) (qc)靶标 → BoltzGen → 验证 → 过滤
(pdb) (全原子结构) (chai) (qc)undefinedundefined- Trim to binding region + 10A buffer
- Remove waters and ligands
- Renumber chains if needed- 裁剪至结合区域 + 10Å缓冲范围
- 去除水分子和配体
- 必要时重新编号链binder.yamlentities:
- protein:
id: B
sequence: 70..100
- file:
path: target.cif
include:
- chain:
id: A
binding_types:
- chain:
id: A
binding: 45,67,89modal run modal_boltzgen.py \
--input-yaml binder.yaml \
--protocol protein-anything \
--num-designs 50binder.yamlentities:
- protein:
id: B
sequence: 70..100
- file:
path: target.cif
include:
- chain:
id: A
binding_types:
- chain:
id: A
binding: 45,67,89modal run modal_boltzgen.py \
--input-yaml binder.yaml \
--protocol protein-anything \
--num-designs 50undefinedundefinedundefinedundefinedmodal run modal_chai1.py \
--input-faa sequences.fasta \
--out-dir predictions/modal run modal_chai1.py \
--input-faa sequences.fasta \
--out-dir predictions/| Stage | Count | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Backbone generation | 500-1000 | Diversity |
| Sequences per backbone | 8-16 | Sequence space |
| AF2 predictions | All | Validation |
| After filtering | 50-200 | Candidates |
| Experimental testing | 10-50 | Final selection |
| 阶段 | 数量 | 目的 |
|---|---|---|
| 骨架生成 | 500-1000 | 保证多样性 |
| 每个骨架对应的序列数 | 8-16 | 覆盖序列空间 |
| AF2预测 | 全部 | 验证 |
| 过滤后 | 50-200 | 候选结构 |
| 实验测试 | 10-50 | 最终筛选 |
| Step | Compute Time |
|---|---|
| RFdiffusion (500 designs) | 2-4 hours |
| ProteinMPNN (8000 sequences) | 1-2 hours |
| AF2 prediction (8000 sequences) | 12-24 hours |
| Filtering and analysis | 1-2 hours |
| 步骤 | 计算时间 |
|---|---|
| RFdiffusion(500个设计) | 2-4小时 |
| ProteinMPNN(8000条序列) | 1-2小时 |
| AF2预测(8000条序列) | 12-24小时 |
| 过滤与分析 | 1-2小时 |