technical-specification
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ChineseTechnical Specification
技术规格说明书
Overview
概述
Create comprehensive technical specifications that define system requirements, architecture, implementation details, and acceptance criteria for software projects.
创建全面的技术规格说明书,定义软件项目的系统需求、架构、实现细节以及验收标准。
When to Use
适用场景
- Feature specifications
- System design documents
- Requirements documentation (PRD)
- Architecture decision records (ADR)
- Technical proposals
- RFC (Request for Comments)
- API design specs
- Database schema designs
- 功能规格说明
- 系统设计文档
- 需求文档(PRD)
- 架构决策记录(ADR)
- 技术提案
- 请求评论文档(RFC)
- API设计规格说明
- 数据库架构设计
Technical Specification Template
技术规格说明书模板
markdown
undefinedmarkdown
undefinedTechnical Specification: [Feature Name]
技术规格说明书: [功能名称]
Document Status: Draft | Review | Approved | Implemented
Version: 1.0
Author: John Doe
Date: 2025-01-15
Reviewers: Jane Smith, Bob Johnson
Last Updated: 2025-01-15
文档状态: 草稿 | 评审中 | 已批准 | 已实现
版本: 1.0
作者: John Doe
日期: 2025-01-15
评审人: Jane Smith, Bob Johnson
最后更新时间: 2025-01-15
Executive Summary
执行摘要
Brief 2-3 sentence overview of what this spec covers and why it's being built.
Problem: What problem are we solving?
Solution: High-level description of the solution
Impact: Expected business/user impact
用2-3句话简要概述本规格说明书涵盖的内容以及开发该功能的原因。
问题: 我们要解决什么问题?
解决方案: 解决方案的高层描述
影响: 预期的业务/用户影响
1. Background
1. 背景
Context
上下文
Provide background on why this feature is needed:
- What's the current situation?
- What pain points exist?
- What's driving this change?
说明该功能的需求背景:
- 当前的现状是什么?
- 存在哪些痛点?
- 推动本次变更的因素是什么?
Goals
目标
- Primary Goal: Main objective of this feature
- Secondary Goals: Additional benefits
- Success Metrics: How we'll measure success
- Metric 1: [Description] - Target: [Value]
- Metric 2: [Description] - Target: [Value]
- 主要目标: 该功能的核心目标
- 次要目标: 额外收益
- 成功指标: 我们如何衡量成功
- 指标1: [描述] - 目标值: [数值]
- 指标2: [描述] - 目标值: [数值]
Non-Goals
非目标
What this specification explicitly does NOT cover:
- Non-goal 1
- Non-goal 2
- Future considerations (out of scope for v1)
本规格说明书明确不涵盖的内容:
- 非目标1
- 非目标2
- 未来考量(v1版本范围外)
2. Requirements
2. 需求
Functional Requirements
功能需求
FR-1: User Authentication
FR-1: 用户认证
Priority: P0 (Must Have)
Description: Users must be able to authenticate using email/password
Acceptance Criteria:
- User can register with email and password
- User can log in with credentials
- User receives email verification
- User can reset forgotten password
- Session expires after 7 days of inactivity
Dependencies: None
优先级: P0(必须实现)
描述: 用户必须能够使用邮箱/密码进行认证
验收标准:
- 用户可以使用邮箱和密码注册
- 用户可以使用凭证登录
- 用户会收到邮箱验证邮件
- 用户可以重置遗忘的密码
- 会话在7天无活动后过期
依赖项: 无
FR-2: Social Login
FR-2: 社交登录
Priority: P1 (Should Have)
Description: Users can authenticate using OAuth providers
Acceptance Criteria:
- Support Google OAuth
- Support GitHub OAuth
- Link social accounts to existing accounts
- Unlink social accounts
Dependencies: FR-1
优先级: P1(应该实现)
描述: 用户可以使用OAuth提供商进行认证
验收标准:
- 支持Google OAuth
- 支持GitHub OAuth
- 可将社交账号关联至已有账号
- 可解除社交账号关联
依赖项: FR-1
FR-3: Two-Factor Authentication
FR-3: 双因素认证
Priority: P2 (Nice to Have)
Description: Optional 2FA for enhanced security
Acceptance Criteria:
- Enable/disable 2FA in settings
- Support TOTP (Google Authenticator, Authy)
- Backup codes generation
- Recovery process if device is lost
Dependencies: FR-1
优先级: P2(可选实现)
描述: 可选的2FA以增强安全性
验收标准:
- 可在设置中启用/禁用2FA
- 支持TOTP(Google Authenticator、Authy)
- 生成备份码
- 设备丢失后的恢复流程
依赖项: FR-1
Non-Functional Requirements
非功能需求
Performance
性能
- Response Time: API endpoints < 200ms p95
- Throughput: Support 1000 requests/second
- Database Queries: < 50ms p95
- Page Load: First contentful paint < 1.5s
- 响应时间: API端点p95延迟 < 200ms
- 吞吐量: 支持1000次请求/秒
- 数据库查询: p95延迟 < 50ms
- 页面加载: 首次内容绘制时间 < 1.5s
Scalability
可扩展性
- Concurrent Users: Support 100,000 simultaneous users
- Data Growth: Handle 10M user records
- Horizontal Scaling: Support 10 application instances
- 并发用户: 支持100,000同时在线用户
- 数据增长: 可处理1000万条用户记录
- 水平扩展: 支持10个应用实例
Security
安全性
- Authentication: JWT-based with refresh tokens
- Password Hashing: bcrypt with 12 rounds
- Rate Limiting: 100 requests/hour per IP
- Data Encryption: AES-256 at rest, TLS 1.3 in transit
- 认证方式: 基于JWT并搭配刷新令牌
- 密码哈希: 使用bcrypt算法,12轮迭代
- 速率限制: 每个IP每小时100次请求
- 数据加密: 静态数据采用AES-256加密,传输过程采用TLS 1.3
Availability
可用性
- Uptime: 99.9% SLA
- Recovery Time: RTO < 4 hours, RPO < 1 hour
- Backup: Daily automated backups, 30-day retention
- 可用性: 99.9% SLA
- 恢复时间: RTO < 4小时,RPO < 1小时
- 备份: 每日自动备份,保留30天
Compliance
合规性
- GDPR compliant (data export/deletion)
- SOC 2 Type II requirements
- PCI DSS (if handling payments)
- 符合GDPR(数据导出/删除)
- 符合SOC 2 Type II要求
- 符合PCI DSS(若处理支付)
3. System Architecture
3. 系统架构
High-Level Architecture
高层架构
┌─────────────┐
│ Client │
│ (React App) │
└──────┬──────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│ API Gateway │────▶│ Auth Service │
│ (Express) │ │ (Node.js) │
└──────┬──────┘ └──────┬───────┘
│ │
▼ ▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│User Service │ │ Database │
│ (Node.js) │────▶│ (PostgreSQL) │
└─────────────┘ └──────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ Cache │
│ (Redis) │
└─────────────┘┌─────────────┐
│ Client │
│ (React App) │
└──────┬──────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│ API Gateway │────▶│ Auth Service │
│ (Express) │ │ (Node.js) │
└──────┬──────┘ └──────┬───────┘
│ │
▼ ▼
┌─────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│User Service │ │ Database │
│ (Node.js) │────▶│ (PostgreSQL) │
└─────────────┘ └──────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────┐
│ Cache │
│ (Redis) │
└─────────────┘Component Diagram
组件图
Frontend (React)
前端(React)
- Login Page: Email/password and social login
- Registration Page: User signup with validation
- Settings Page: Manage 2FA and connected accounts
- Components: Reusable auth components
- 登录页面: 邮箱/密码登录和社交登录
- 注册页面: 用户注册及验证
- 设置页面: 管理2FA和关联账号
- 组件: 可复用的认证组件
Backend (Node.js/Express)
后端(Node.js/Express)
- Auth Controller: Handle authentication requests
- User Controller: Manage user data
- Auth Middleware: Validate JWT tokens
- Rate Limiter: Prevent abuse
- 认证控制器: 处理认证请求
- 用户控制器: 管理用户数据
- 认证中间件: 验证JWT令牌
- 速率限制器: 防止滥用
Database (PostgreSQL)
数据库(PostgreSQL)
- users table: User account data
- sessions table: Active sessions
- oauth_connections table: Social login links
- users表: 用户账号数据
- sessions表: 活跃会话
- oauth_connections表: 社交登录关联记录
Cache (Redis)
缓存(Redis)
- Session storage
- Rate limit counters
- Temporary tokens (password reset, email verification)
- 会话存储
- 速率限制计数器
- 临时令牌(密码重置、邮箱验证)
4. Data Model
4. 数据模型
Database Schema
数据库架构
sql
-- Users table
CREATE TABLE users (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
password_hash VARCHAR(255),
email_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
two_factor_enabled BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
two_factor_secret VARCHAR(32),
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
last_login_at TIMESTAMP
);
-- OAuth connections
CREATE TABLE oauth_connections (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
provider VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- 'google', 'github'
provider_user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
access_token TEXT,
refresh_token TEXT,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
UNIQUE(provider, provider_user_id)
);
-- Sessions
CREATE TABLE sessions (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
token VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
expires_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
ip_address INET,
user_agent TEXT
);
-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
CREATE INDEX idx_sessions_token ON sessions(token);
CREATE INDEX idx_sessions_user_id ON sessions(user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_oauth_user_id ON oauth_connections(user_id);sql
-- Users table
CREATE TABLE users (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
password_hash VARCHAR(255),
email_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
two_factor_enabled BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,
two_factor_secret VARCHAR(32),
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
last_login_at TIMESTAMP
);
-- OAuth connections
CREATE TABLE oauth_connections (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
provider VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- 'google', 'github'
provider_user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
access_token TEXT,
refresh_token TEXT,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
UNIQUE(provider, provider_user_id)
);
-- Sessions
CREATE TABLE sessions (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
user_id UUID REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
token VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
expires_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW(),
ip_address INET,
user_agent TEXT
);
-- Indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
CREATE INDEX idx_sessions_token ON sessions(token);
CREATE INDEX idx_sessions_user_id ON sessions(user_id);
CREATE INDEX idx_oauth_user_id ON oauth_connections(user_id);API Data Models
API数据模型
typescript
interface User {
id: string;
email: string;
emailVerified: boolean;
twoFactorEnabled: boolean;
createdAt: string;
updatedAt: string;
lastLoginAt?: string;
}
interface LoginRequest {
email: string;
password: string;
twoFactorCode?: string;
}
interface LoginResponse {
success: boolean;
token: string;
refreshToken: string;
user: User;
expiresIn: number;
}
interface RegisterRequest {
email: string;
password: string;
confirmPassword: string;
}typescript
interface User {
id: string;
email: string;
emailVerified: boolean;
twoFactorEnabled: boolean;
createdAt: string;
updatedAt: string;
lastLoginAt?: string;
}
interface LoginRequest {
email: string;
password: string;
twoFactorCode?: string;
}
interface LoginResponse {
success: boolean;
token: string;
refreshToken: string;
user: User;
expiresIn: number;
}
interface RegisterRequest {
email: string;
password: string;
confirmPassword: string;
}5. API Design
5. API设计
Authentication Endpoints
认证端点
POST /api/auth/register
POST /api/auth/register
Description: Register a new user account
Request:
json
{
"email": "user@example.com",
"password": "SecurePass123!",
"confirmPassword": "SecurePass123!"
}Response (201):
json
{
"success": true,
"user": {
"id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
"email": "user@example.com",
"emailVerified": false
},
"message": "Verification email sent"
}Errors:
- 400: Invalid email format
- 409: Email already exists
- 422: Password too weak
描述: 注册新用户账号
请求:
json
{
"email": "user@example.com",
"password": "SecurePass123!",
"confirmPassword": "SecurePass123!"
}响应(201):
json
{
"success": true,
"user": {
"id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
"email": "user@example.com",
"emailVerified": false
},
"message": "验证邮件已发送"
}错误:
- 400: 邮箱格式无效
- 409: 邮箱已存在
- 422: 密码强度不足
POST /api/auth/login
POST /api/auth/login
Description: Authenticate user and return JWT token
Request:
json
{
"email": "user@example.com",
"password": "SecurePass123!",
"twoFactorCode": "123456"
}Response (200):
json
{
"success": true,
"token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...",
"refreshToken": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...",
"user": {
"id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
"email": "user@example.com"
},
"expiresIn": 3600
}Errors:
- 401: Invalid credentials
- 403: Account locked
- 428: 2FA code required
描述: 认证用户并返回JWT令牌
请求:
json
{
"email": "user@example.com",
"password": "SecurePass123!",
"twoFactorCode": "123456"
}响应(200):
json
{
"success": true,
"token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...",
"refreshToken": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...",
"user": {
"id": "550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000",
"email": "user@example.com"
},
"expiresIn": 3600
}错误:
- 401: 凭证无效
- 403: 账号被锁定
- 428: 需要2FA验证码
Rate Limiting
速率限制
| Endpoint | Limit | Window |
|---|---|---|
| POST /api/auth/login | 5 attempts | 15 minutes |
| POST /api/auth/register | 3 attempts | 1 hour |
| POST /api/auth/reset-password | 3 attempts | 1 hour |
| 端点 | 限制次数 | 时间窗口 |
|---|---|---|
| POST /api/auth/login | 5次尝试 | 15分钟 |
| POST /api/auth/register | 3次尝试 | 1小时 |
| POST /api/auth/reset-password | 3次尝试 | 1小时 |
6. Implementation Plan
6. 实施计划
Phase 1: Core Authentication (Week 1-2)
阶段1: 核心认证(第1-2周)
- Database schema setup
- User registration endpoint
- Email/password login
- JWT token generation
- Password hashing
- Basic frontend forms
- 数据库架构搭建
- 用户注册端点
- 邮箱/密码登录
- JWT令牌生成
- 密码哈希处理
- 基础前端表单
Phase 2: Email Verification (Week 3)
阶段2: 邮箱验证(第3周)
- Email service integration
- Verification token generation
- Verification endpoint
- Email templates
- Resend verification email
- 邮件服务集成
- 验证令牌生成
- 验证端点
- 邮件模板
- 重新发送验证邮件
Phase 3: Social Login (Week 4)
阶段3: 社交登录(第4周)
- OAuth integration (Google)
- OAuth integration (GitHub)
- Account linking
- Frontend OAuth buttons
- OAuth集成(Google)
- OAuth集成(GitHub)
- 账号关联
- 前端OAuth按钮
Phase 4: Security Features (Week 5)
阶段4: 安全功能(第5周)
- Two-factor authentication
- Password reset flow
- Rate limiting
- Session management
- Security headers
- 双因素认证
- 密码重置流程
- 速率限制
- 会话管理
- 安全头
Phase 5: Testing & Polish (Week 6)
阶段5: 测试与优化(第6周)
- Unit tests
- Integration tests
- E2E tests
- Security audit
- Performance testing
- Documentation
- 单元测试
- 集成测试
- 端到端测试
- 安全审计
- 性能测试
- 文档编写
7. Testing Strategy
7. 测试策略
Unit Tests
单元测试
- Password hashing/verification
- JWT token generation/validation
- Input validation
- Business logic
Coverage Target: 90%
- 密码哈希/验证
- JWT令牌生成/验证
- 输入验证
- 业务逻辑
覆盖率目标: 90%
Integration Tests
集成测试
- API endpoint testing
- Database operations
- OAuth flow
- Email sending
Coverage Target: 80%
- API端点测试
- 数据库操作
- OAuth流程
- 邮件发送
覆盖率目标: 80%
E2E Tests
端到端测试
- Complete registration flow
- Login with email/password
- Social login flow
- Password reset flow
- 2FA setup and verification
Coverage Target: Critical paths only
- 完整注册流程
- 邮箱/密码登录
- 社交登录流程
- 密码重置流程
- 2FA设置与验证
覆盖率目标: 仅覆盖关键路径
Performance Tests
性能测试
- Load testing: 1000 concurrent logins
- Stress testing: Find breaking point
- Database query performance
- 负载测试: 1000次并发登录
- 压力测试: 找出临界点
- 数据库查询性能
8. Security Considerations
8. 安全考量
Threats
威胁
| Threat | Mitigation |
|---|---|
| Brute force | Rate limiting, account lockout |
| SQL injection | Parameterized queries, ORM |
| XSS | Input sanitization, CSP headers |
| CSRF | CSRF tokens, SameSite cookies |
| Session hijacking | Secure cookies, HTTPS only |
| Password leaks | bcrypt hashing, password strength |
| 威胁 | 缓解措施 |
|---|---|
| 暴力破解 | 速率限制、账号锁定 |
| SQL注入 | 参数化查询、ORM |
| XSS | 输入 sanitization、CSP头 |
| CSRF | CSRF令牌、SameSite Cookie |
| 会话劫持 | 安全Cookie、仅HTTPS |
| 密码泄露 | bcrypt哈希、密码强度要求 |
Security Checklist
安全检查清单
- HTTPS enforced
- Security headers configured
- Rate limiting implemented
- Input validation on all endpoints
- SQL injection prevention
- XSS prevention
- CSRF protection
- Secure password storage
- Audit logging
- 强制使用HTTPS
- 配置安全头
- 实现速率限制
- 所有端点都有输入验证
- 防止SQL注入
- 防止XSS
- CSRF防护
- 安全存储密码
- 审计日志
9. Monitoring & Observability
9. 监控与可观测性
Metrics
指标
- Authentication success rate
- Failed login attempts
- Average login time
- Active sessions
- 2FA adoption rate
- 认证成功率
- 登录失败次数
- 平均登录时间
- 活跃会话数
- 2FA采用率
Alerts
告警
- Failed login rate > 10%
- Database connection errors
- Email sending failures
- Rate limit exceeded > 100 times/hour
- 登录失败率 > 10%
- 数据库连接错误
- 邮件发送失败
- 速率限制触发次数 > 100次/小时
Logging
日志
javascript
// Log structure
{
"timestamp": "2025-01-15T14:30:00Z",
"level": "info",
"event": "user_login",
"userId": "550e8400-...",
"ip": "192.168.1.1",
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0...",
"success": true,
"duration": 125
}javascript
// Log structure
{
"timestamp": "2025-01-15T14:30:00Z",
"level": "info",
"event": "user_login",
"userId": "550e8400-...",
"ip": "192.168.1.1",
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0...",
"success": true,
"duration": 125
}10. Risks & Mitigation
10. 风险与缓解措施
| Risk | Probability | Impact | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|
| OAuth provider downtime | Medium | High | Fallback to email login |
| Database migration issues | Low | High | Test thoroughly in staging |
| Performance under load | Medium | Medium | Load testing, caching |
| Security vulnerabilities | Low | Critical | Security audit, pen testing |
| 风险 | 概率 | 影响 | 缓解措施 |
|---|---|---|---|
| OAuth提供商宕机 | 中等 | 高 | fallback到邮箱登录 |
| 数据库迁移问题 | 低 | 高 | 在预发布环境充分测试 |
| 负载下性能问题 | 中等 | 中等 | 负载测试、缓存 |
| 安全漏洞 | 低 | 严重 | 安全审计、渗透测试 |
11. Open Questions
11. 待解决问题
- Should we support passwordless authentication?
- What's the session timeout policy?
- Do we need magic link login?
- Should we implement remember me functionality?
- 我们是否应该支持无密码认证?
- 会话超时策略是什么?
- 我们是否需要魔法链接登录?
- 我们是否应该实现“记住我”功能?
12. Alternatives Considered
12. 备选方案考量
Alternative 1: Use Auth0
方案1: 使用Auth0
Pros: Faster implementation, proven security
Cons: Cost, vendor lock-in, less customization
Decision: Build in-house for flexibility
优点: 实施更快、安全性经过验证
缺点: 成本高、供应商锁定、定制化程度低
决策: 自研以保证灵活性
Alternative 2: Session-based auth instead of JWT
方案2: 使用基于会话的认证而非JWT
Pros: Simpler revocation, less token size
Cons: Harder to scale, CORS issues
Decision: Use JWT for stateless scaling
优点: 吊销更简单、令牌体积更小
缺点: 扩展难度大、CORS问题
决策: 使用JWT以实现无状态扩展
13. Success Criteria
13. 成功标准
Launch Criteria
上线标准
- All P0 requirements implemented
- Security audit passed
- Load testing passed (1000 concurrent users)
- Documentation complete
- 90% test coverage achieved
- 所有P0需求已实现
- 通过安全审计
- 负载测试通过(1000并发用户)
- 文档完整
- 达到90%测试覆盖率
Post-Launch Metrics (Week 1)
上线后指标(第1周)
- < 1% authentication error rate
- < 500ms average login time
-
95% user satisfaction (surveys)
- Zero security incidents
- 认证错误率 < 1%
- 平均登录时间 < 500ms
- 用户满意度 > 95%(调研)
- 无安全事件
14. References
14. 参考资料
- OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet
- JWT Best Practices
- OAuth 2.0 Spec
- Internal: Authentication RFC #123
undefined- OWASP认证 cheat sheet
- JWT最佳实践
- OAuth 2.0规范
- 内部: 认证RFC #123
undefinedBest Practices
最佳实践
✅ DO
✅ 要做
- Include acceptance criteria for each requirement
- Provide architecture diagrams
- Document API contracts
- Specify performance requirements
- List risks and mitigations
- Include implementation timeline
- Add success metrics
- Document security considerations
- Version your specs
- Get stakeholder review
- 为每个需求包含验收标准
- 提供架构图
- 记录API契约
- 指定性能需求
- 列出风险与缓解措施
- 包含实施时间线
- 添加成功指标
- 记录安全考量
- 为规格说明书版本化
- 获取相关方评审
❌ DON'T
❌ 不要做
- Be vague about requirements
- Skip non-functional requirements
- Forget about security
- Ignore alternatives
- Skip testing strategy
- Forget monitoring/observability
- Leave questions unanswered
- 需求描述模糊
- 忽略非功能需求
- 忘记安全考量
- 忽略备选方案
- 跳过测试策略
- 忘记监控/可观测性
- 留下未解决的问题