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Jenkins

Jenkins

Build, test, and deploy applications using Jenkins, the leading open-source automation server.
使用Jenkins（领先的开源自动化服务器）构建、测试和部署应用程序。

When to Use This Skill

何时使用此技能

Use this skill when:
  • Setting up Jenkins pipelines (declarative or scripted)
  • Configuring Jenkins agents and executors
  • Managing Jenkins plugins and security
  • Creating shared libraries for pipeline reuse
  • Integrating Jenkins with external tools
在以下场景使用此技能：
  • 搭建Jenkins流水线（声明式或脚本式）
  • 配置Jenkins代理和执行器
  • 管理Jenkins插件与安全设置
  • 创建用于流水线复用的共享库
  • 将Jenkins与外部工具集成

Prerequisites

前提条件

  • Jenkins server (2.x or later)
  • Admin access to Jenkins
  • Java 11+ on Jenkins server
  • Basic Groovy understanding for pipelines
  • Jenkins服务器（2.x或更高版本）
  • Jenkins的管理员权限
  • Jenkins服务器上安装Java 11+
  • 具备Groovy基础知识以编写流水线

Declarative Pipeline

声明式流水线

Create 
Jenkinsfile
in repository root:
groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    environment {
        DOCKER_REGISTRY = 'registry.example.com'
        APP_NAME = 'myapp'
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'npm ci'
                sh 'npm run build'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Test') {
            steps {
                sh 'npm test'
            }
            post {
                always {
                    junit 'test-results/*.xml'
                }
            }
        }
        
        stage('Deploy') {
            when {
                branch 'main'
            }
            steps {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
    }
    
    post {
        failure {
            mail to: 'team@example.com',
                 subject: "Pipeline Failed: ${env.JOB_NAME}",
                 body: "Check console output at ${env.BUILD_URL}"
        }
    }
}
在仓库根目录创建
Jenkinsfile
：
groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    environment {
        DOCKER_REGISTRY = 'registry.example.com'
        APP_NAME = 'myapp'
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'npm ci'
                sh 'npm run build'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Test') {
            steps {
                sh 'npm test'
            }
            post {
                always {
                    junit 'test-results/*.xml'
                }
            }
        }
        
        stage('Deploy') {
            when {
                branch 'main'
            }
            steps {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
    }
    
    post {
        failure {
            mail to: 'team@example.com',
                 subject: "Pipeline Failed: ${env.JOB_NAME}",
                 body: "Check console output at ${env.BUILD_URL}"
        }
    }
}

Agent Configuration

代理配置

Docker Agent

Docker代理

groovy
pipeline {
    agent {
        docker {
            image 'node:20'
            args '-v /tmp:/tmp'
        }
    }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'npm ci && npm run build'
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
pipeline {
    agent {
        docker {
            image 'node:20'
            args '-v /tmp:/tmp'
        }
    }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'npm ci && npm run build'
            }
        }
    }
}

Kubernetes Agent

Kubernetes代理

groovy
pipeline {
    agent {
        kubernetes {
            yaml '''
                apiVersion: v1
                kind: Pod
                spec:
                  containers:
                  - name: node
                    image: node:20
                    command:
                    - sleep
                    args:
                    - infinity
                  - name: docker
                    image: docker:24-dind
                    securityContext:
                      privileged: true
            '''
        }
    }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                container('node') {
                    sh 'npm ci && npm run build'
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
pipeline {
    agent {
        kubernetes {
            yaml '''
                apiVersion: v1
                kind: Pod
                spec:
                  containers:
                  - name: node
                    image: node:20
                    command:
                    - sleep
                    args:
                    - infinity
                  - name: docker
                    image: docker:24-dind
                    securityContext:
                      privileged: true
            '''
        }
    }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                container('node') {
                    sh 'npm ci && npm run build'
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Labeled Agents

标记代理

groovy
pipeline {
    agent { label 'linux && docker' }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'make build'
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
pipeline {
    agent { label 'linux && docker' }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh 'make build'
            }
        }
    }
}

Parameters

参数配置

groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    parameters {
        string(name: 'BRANCH', defaultValue: 'main', description: 'Branch to build')
        choice(name: 'ENVIRONMENT', choices: ['dev', 'staging', 'prod'], description: 'Target environment')
        booleanParam(name: 'RUN_TESTS', defaultValue: true, description: 'Run tests?')
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            when {
                expression { params.ENVIRONMENT == 'prod' }
            }
            steps {
                sh "deploy.sh ${params.ENVIRONMENT}"
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    parameters {
        string(name: 'BRANCH', defaultValue: 'main', description: 'Branch to build')
        choice(name: 'ENVIRONMENT', choices: ['dev', 'staging', 'prod'], description: 'Target environment')
        booleanParam(name: 'RUN_TESTS', defaultValue: true, description: 'Run tests?')
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            when {
                expression { params.ENVIRONMENT == 'prod' }
            }
            steps {
                sh "deploy.sh ${params.ENVIRONMENT}"
            }
        }
    }
}

Credentials

凭证管理

Using Credentials

使用凭证

groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    environment {
        AWS_CREDS = credentials('aws-credentials')
        DOCKER_CREDS = credentials('docker-hub')
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            steps {
                withCredentials([
                    usernamePassword(
                        credentialsId: 'github-token',
                        usernameVariable: 'GH_USER',
                        passwordVariable: 'GH_TOKEN'
                    )
                ]) {
                    sh 'git push https://${GH_USER}:${GH_TOKEN}@github.com/repo.git'
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    environment {
        AWS_CREDS = credentials('aws-credentials')
        DOCKER_CREDS = credentials('docker-hub')
    }
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            steps {
                withCredentials([
                    usernamePassword(
                        credentialsId: 'github-token',
                        usernameVariable: 'GH_USER',
                        passwordVariable: 'GH_TOKEN'
                    )
                ]) {
                    sh 'git push https://${GH_USER}:${GH_TOKEN}@github.com/repo.git'
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Parallel Stages

并行阶段

groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Tests') {
            parallel {
                stage('Unit Tests') {
                    steps {
                        sh 'npm run test:unit'
                    }
                }
                stage('Integration Tests') {
                    steps {
                        sh 'npm run test:integration'
                    }
                }
                stage('E2E Tests') {
                    steps {
                        sh 'npm run test:e2e'
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Tests') {
            parallel {
                stage('Unit Tests') {
                    steps {
                        sh 'npm run test:unit'
                    }
                }
                stage('Integration Tests') {
                    steps {
                        sh 'npm run test:integration'
                    }
                }
                stage('E2E Tests') {
                    steps {
                        sh 'npm run test:e2e'
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Shared Libraries

共享库

Library Structure

库结构

vars/
├── buildApp.groovy
├── deployApp.groovy
└── notifySlack.groovy
src/
└── com/example/
    └── Pipeline.groovy
resources/
└── templates/
    └── deployment.yaml
vars/
├── buildApp.groovy
├── deployApp.groovy
└── notifySlack.groovy
src/
└── com/example/
    └── Pipeline.groovy
resources/
└── templates/
    └── deployment.yaml

Define Shared Step

定义共享步骤

groovy
// vars/buildApp.groovy
def call(Map config = [:]) {
    def nodeVersion = config.nodeVersion ?: '20'
    
    docker.image("node:${nodeVersion}").inside {
        sh 'npm ci'
        sh 'npm run build'
    }
}
groovy
// vars/buildApp.groovy
def call(Map config = [:]) {
    def nodeVersion = config.nodeVersion ?: '20'
    
    docker.image("node:${nodeVersion}").inside {
        sh 'npm ci'
        sh 'npm run build'
    }
}

Use Shared Library

使用共享库

groovy
@Library('my-shared-library') _

pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                buildApp(nodeVersion: '20')
            }
        }
        stage('Deploy') {
            steps {
                deployApp(environment: 'staging')
            }
        }
    }
    
    post {
        failure {
            notifySlack(channel: '#builds', status: 'FAILED')
        }
    }
}
groovy
@Library('my-shared-library') _

pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                buildApp(nodeVersion: '20')
            }
        }
        stage('Deploy') {
            steps {
                deployApp(environment: 'staging')
            }
        }
    }
    
    post {
        failure {
            notifySlack(channel: '#builds', status: 'FAILED')
        }
    }
}

Scripted Pipeline

脚本式流水线

groovy
node('linux') {
    try {
        stage('Checkout') {
            checkout scm
        }
        
        stage('Build') {
            docker.image('node:20').inside {
                sh 'npm ci'
                sh 'npm run build'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Test') {
            sh 'npm test'
        }
        
        if (env.BRANCH_NAME == 'main') {
            stage('Deploy') {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
    } catch (e) {
        currentBuild.result = 'FAILURE'
        throw e
    } finally {
        cleanWs()
    }
}
groovy
node('linux') {
    try {
        stage('Checkout') {
            checkout scm
        }
        
        stage('Build') {
            docker.image('node:20').inside {
                sh 'npm ci'
                sh 'npm run build'
            }
        }
        
        stage('Test') {
            sh 'npm test'
        }
        
        if (env.BRANCH_NAME == 'main') {
            stage('Deploy') {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
    } catch (e) {
        currentBuild.result = 'FAILURE'
        throw e
    } finally {
        cleanWs()
    }
}

Plugin Management

插件管理

Essential Plugins

必备插件

groovy
// Install via Jenkins CLI or init.groovy.d
def plugins = [
    'workflow-aggregator',      // Pipeline
    'git',                      // Git integration
    'docker-workflow',          // Docker Pipeline
    'kubernetes',               // Kubernetes agent
    'credentials-binding',      // Credentials
    'blueocean',               // Blue Ocean UI
    'job-dsl',                 // Job DSL
    'configuration-as-code'    // JCasC
]
groovy
// Install via Jenkins CLI or init.groovy.d
def plugins = [
    'workflow-aggregator',      // Pipeline
    'git',                      // Git integration
    'docker-workflow',          // Docker Pipeline
    'kubernetes',               // Kubernetes agent
    'credentials-binding',      // Credentials
    'blueocean',               // Blue Ocean UI
    'job-dsl',                 // Job DSL
    'configuration-as-code'    // JCasC
]

Configuration as Code

代码化配置（JCasC）

yaml
undefined
yaml
undefined

jenkins.yaml

jenkins.yaml

jenkins: systemMessage: "Jenkins configured via JCasC" numExecutors: 2
securityRealm: local: users: - id: admin password: ${ADMIN_PASSWORD}
authorizationStrategy: globalMatrix: permissions: - "Overall/Administer:admin" - "Overall/Read:authenticated"
credentials: system: domainCredentials: - credentials: - usernamePassword: id: "docker-hub" username: "user" password: ${DOCKER_PASSWORD}
undefined
jenkins: systemMessage: "Jenkins configured via JCasC" numExecutors: 2
securityRealm: local: users: - id: admin password: ${ADMIN_PASSWORD}
authorizationStrategy: globalMatrix: permissions: - "Overall/Administer:admin" - "Overall/Read:authenticated"
credentials: system: domainCredentials: - credentials: - usernamePassword: id: "docker-hub" username: "user" password: ${DOCKER_PASSWORD}
undefined

Multibranch Pipeline

多分支流水线

groovy
// Automatically discovers branches with Jenkinsfile
// Configure in Jenkins UI: New Item > Multibranch Pipeline

// Branch-specific behavior in Jenkinsfile
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            when {
                anyOf {
                    branch 'main'
                    branch 'release/*'
                }
            }
            steps {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
    }
}
groovy
// Automatically discovers branches with Jenkinsfile
// Configure in Jenkins UI: New Item > Multibranch Pipeline

// Branch-specific behavior in Jenkinsfile
pipeline {
    agent any
    
    stages {
        stage('Deploy') {
            when {
                anyOf {
                    branch 'main'
                    branch 'release/*'
                }
            }
            steps {
                sh './deploy.sh'
            }
        }
    }
}

Common Issues

常见问题

Issue: Pipeline Syntax Errors

问题：流水线语法错误

Problem: Jenkinsfile fails to parse Solution: Use Pipeline Syntax generator in Jenkins UI, validate with 
jenkins-cli
现象：Jenkinsfile解析失败 解决方案：使用Jenkins UI中的流水线语法生成器，或通过
jenkins-cli
验证

Issue: Agent Not Connecting

问题：代理无法连接

Problem: Build agents disconnect Solution: Check agent logs, verify network connectivity, increase timeout settings
现象：构建代理断开连接 解决方案：检查代理日志，验证网络连通性，增加超时设置

Issue: Out of Memory

问题：内存不足

Problem: Jenkins crashes or builds fail with OOM Solution: Increase heap size in 
JAVA_OPTS
, clean up old builds
现象：Jenkins崩溃或构建因OOM失败 解决方案：在
JAVA_OPTS
中增加堆内存，清理旧构建

Best Practices

最佳实践

  • Use declarative pipelines for most use cases
  • Implement shared libraries for reusable code
  • Store Jenkinsfile in source control
  • Use credentials plugin for secrets management
  • Implement proper cleanup in post blocks
  • Configure build retention policies
  • Use Blue Ocean for modern UI experience
  • 大多数场景使用声明式流水线
  • 实现共享库以复用代码
  • 将Jenkinsfile存储在版本控制系统中
  • 使用凭证插件管理密钥
  • 在post块中实现适当的清理操作
  • 配置构建保留策略
  • 使用Blue Ocean获得现代化UI体验

Related Skills

相关技能

  • github-actions - GitHub native CI/CD
  • kubernetes-ops - K8s deployment target
  • docker-management - Container builds
  • github-actions - GitHub原生CI/CD工具
  • kubernetes-ops - K8s部署目标
  • docker-management - 容器构建