cypress
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ChineseCypress (E2E + Component Testing)
Cypress(端到端及组件测试)
Overview
概述
Cypress runs browser automation with first-class network control, time-travel debugging, and a strong local dev workflow. Use it for critical path E2E tests and for component tests when browser-level rendering matters.
Cypress 可实现浏览器自动化,具备一流的网络控制、时间旅行调试功能以及强大的本地开发工作流。可将其用于关键路径的端到端(E2E)测试,以及当浏览器级渲染效果至关重要时的组件测试。
Quick Start
快速开始
Install and open
安装并打开
bash
npm i -D cypress
npx cypress openbash
npm i -D cypress
npx cypress openMinimal spec
最小化测试用例
ts
// cypress/e2e/health.cy.ts
describe("health", () => {
it("loads", () => {
cy.visit("/");
cy.contains("Hello").should("be.visible");
});
});ts
// cypress/e2e/health.cy.ts
describe("health", () => {
it("loads", () => {
cy.visit("/");
cy.contains("Hello").should("be.visible");
});
});Core Patterns
核心模式
1) Stable selectors
1) 稳定选择器
Prefer (or ) attributes for selectors. Avoid brittle CSS chains and text-only selectors for critical interactions.
data-testiddata-cyhtml
<button data-testid="save-user">Save</button>ts
cy.get('[data-testid="save-user"]').click();优先使用(或)属性作为选择器。对于关键交互,避免使用脆弱的CSS链式选择器和仅基于文本的选择器。
data-testiddata-cyhtml
<button data-testid="save-user">Save</button>ts
cy.get('[data-testid="save-user"]').click();2) Deterministic waiting (avoid fixed sleeps)
2) 确定性等待(避免固定延迟)
Wait on app-visible conditions or network aliases rather than .
cy.wait(1000)ts
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users/*").as("getUser");
cy.visit("/users/1");
cy.wait("@getUser");
cy.get('[data-testid="user-email"]').should("not.be.empty");等待应用可见状态或网络别名,而非使用。
cy.wait(1000)ts
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users/*").as("getUser");
cy.visit("/users/1");
cy.wait("@getUser");
cy.get('[data-testid="user-email"]').should("not.be.empty");3) Network control with cy.intercept
cy.intercept3) 使用cy.intercept
进行网络控制
cy.interceptStub responses for deterministic tests and speed. Keep a small set of “real backend” smoke tests separate.
ts
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users/1", {
statusCode: 200,
body: { id: "1", email: "a@example.com" },
}).as("getUser");为实现确定性测试并提升速度,可桩化响应。将少量“真实后端”冒烟测试单独分开。
ts
cy.intercept("GET", "/api/users/1", {
statusCode: 200,
body: { id: "1", email: "a@example.com" },
}).as("getUser");4) Authentication strategies
4) 认证策略
Prefer to cache login for speed and stability.
cy.sessionts
// cypress/support/commands.ts
Cypress.Commands.add("login", () => {
cy.session("user", () => {
cy.request("POST", "/api/auth/login", {
email: "test@example.com",
password: "password",
});
});
});ts
// e2e spec
beforeEach(() => {
cy.login();
});优先使用缓存登录状态,以提升速度和稳定性。
cy.sessionts
// cypress/support/commands.ts
Cypress.Commands.add("login", () => {
cy.session("user", () => {
cy.request("POST", "/api/auth/login", {
email: "test@example.com",
password: "password",
});
});
});ts
// e2e 测试用例
beforeEach(() => {
cy.login();
});Component Testing
组件测试
Run component tests to validate UI behavior in isolation while keeping browser rendering.
bash
npx cypress open --componentts
// cypress/component/Button.cy.tsx
import React from "react";
import Button from "../../src/Button";
describe("<Button />", () => {
it("clicks", () => {
cy.mount(<Button onClick={cy.stub().as("onClick")}>Save</Button>);
cy.contains("Save").click();
cy.get("@onClick").should("have.been.calledOnce");
});
});运行组件测试以隔离验证UI行为,同时保留浏览器渲染环境。
bash
npx cypress open --componentts
// cypress/component/Button.cy.tsx
import React from "react";
import Button from "../../src/Button";
describe("<Button />", () => {
it("clicks", () => {
cy.mount(<Button onClick={cy.stub().as("onClick")}>Save</Button>);
cy.contains("Save").click();
cy.get("@onClick").should("have.been.calledOnce");
});
});CI Patterns
CI 模式
Artifacts (videos/screenshots)
产物(视频/截图)
Store artifacts for failed runs and keep videos optional to reduce storage.
ts
// cypress.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "cypress";
export default defineConfig({
video: false,
screenshotOnRunFailure: true,
retries: { runMode: 2, openMode: 0 },
});为失败的测试运行存储产物,可选择关闭视频以减少存储占用。
ts
// cypress.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "cypress";
export default defineConfig({
video: false,
screenshotOnRunFailure: true,
retries: { runMode: 2, openMode: 0 },
});Parallelization (Cypress Cloud)
并行化(Cypress Cloud)
Parallelize long E2E suites via Cypress Cloud when runtime dominates feedback loops.
当运行时间成为反馈循环的主要瓶颈时,通过Cypress Cloud对较长的E2E测试套件进行并行化处理。
Anti-Patterns
反模式
- Use as a synchronization mechanism.
cy.wait(1000) - Select elements via deep CSS paths.
- Mix heavy network stubbing with “real backend” assertions in the same spec.
- Depend on test order; isolate state with and per-test setup.
cy.session
- 将作为同步机制。
cy.wait(1000) - 通过深层CSS路径选择元素。
- 在同一个测试用例中混合大量网络桩与“真实后端”断言。
- 依赖测试执行顺序;使用和测试前置设置隔离状态。
cy.session
Troubleshooting
故障排查
Symptom: flaky click or element not found
症状:点击不稳定或元素未找到
Actions:
- Add a hook for the element.
data-testid - Assert visibility before interaction ().
should("be.visible") - Wait on network alias for the data that renders the element.
解决措施:
- 为元素添加钩子。
data-testid - 交互前断言元素可见()。
should("be.visible") - 等待渲染该元素的数据对应的网络别名。
Symptom: tests fail only in CI
症状:仅在CI环境中测试失败
Actions:
- Increase run-mode retries and record screenshots on failure.
- Verify viewport and baseUrl config match CI environment.
- Eliminate reliance on local-only seed data; create data via API calls.
解决措施:
- 增加运行模式重试次数,并在失败时记录截图。
- 验证视口和baseUrl配置与CI环境匹配。
- 消除对本地独有种子数据的依赖;通过API调用创建测试数据。
Resources
资源
- Cypress docs: https://docs.cypress.io/
- Best practices: https://docs.cypress.io/guides/references/best-practices