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Original
English🇨🇳
Translation
Chinese系统调优
系统调优
概述
概述
内核参数、文件系统、网络优化技能。
内核参数、文件系统、网络优化技能。
内核参数调优
内核参数调优
内存管理
内存管理
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/sysctl.d/99-memory.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/99-memory.conf
减少交换倾向
减少交换倾向
vm.swappiness = 10
vm.swappiness = 10
脏页刷新
脏页刷新
vm.dirty_ratio = 20
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
vm.dirty_ratio = 20
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
内存过量提交
内存过量提交
vm.overcommit_memory = 1
vm.overcommit_ratio = 80
vm.overcommit_memory = 1
vm.overcommit_ratio = 80
最大内存映射数
最大内存映射数
vm.max_map_count = 262144
vm.max_map_count = 262144
应用
应用
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-memory.conf
undefinedsysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-memory.conf
undefined网络调优
网络调优
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/sysctl.d/99-network.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/99-network.conf
TCP 缓冲区
TCP 缓冲区
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216
连接队列
连接队列
net.core.somaxconn = 65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65535
net.core.somaxconn = 65535
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65535
TIME_WAIT
TIME_WAIT
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 65535
端口范围
端口范围
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535
Keep-Alive
Keep-Alive
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
undefinednet.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
undefined文件系统
文件系统
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/sysctl.d/99-fs.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/99-fs.conf
文件句柄
文件句柄
fs.file-max = 2097152
fs.nr_open = 2097152
fs.file-max = 2097152
fs.nr_open = 2097152
inotify
inotify
fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 524288
fs.inotify.max_user_instances = 512
undefinedfs.inotify.max_user_watches = 524288
fs.inotify.max_user_instances = 512
undefined文件描述符限制
文件描述符限制
ulimit 配置
ulimit 配置
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/security/limits.conf
/etc/security/limits.conf
- soft nofile 65535
- hard nofile 65535
- soft nproc 65535
- hard nproc 65535
root soft nofile 65535
root hard nofile 65535
undefined- soft nofile 65535
- hard nofile 65535
- soft nproc 65535
- hard nproc 65535
root soft nofile 65535
root hard nofile 65535
undefinedsystemd 服务
systemd 服务
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/systemd/system/myapp.service.d/limits.conf
/etc/systemd/system/myapp.service.d/limits.conf
[Service]
LimitNOFILE=65535
LimitNPROC=65535
undefined[Service]
LimitNOFILE=65535
LimitNPROC=65535
undefined磁盘 IO 调优
磁盘 IO 调优
IO 调度器
IO 调度器
bash
undefinedbash
undefined查看当前调度器
查看当前调度器
cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
cat /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
设置调度器
设置调度器
echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
echo noop > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler # SSD
echo mq-deadline > /sys/block/nvme0n1/queue/scheduler
echo deadline > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler
echo noop > /sys/block/sda/queue/scheduler # SSD
echo mq-deadline > /sys/block/nvme0n1/queue/scheduler
永久设置 (GRUB)
永久设置 (GRUB)
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="elevator=deadline"
undefinedGRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="elevator=deadline"
undefined预读设置
预读设置
bash
undefinedbash
undefined查看预读
查看预读
blockdev --getra /dev/sda
blockdev --getra /dev/sda
设置预读 (KB)
设置预读 (KB)
blockdev --setra 4096 /dev/sda
undefinedblockdev --setra 4096 /dev/sda
undefined挂载选项
挂载选项
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
SSD 优化
SSD 优化
/dev/sda1 /data ext4 defaults,noatime,nodiratime,discard 0 2
/dev/sda1 /data ext4 defaults,noatime,nodiratime,discard 0 2
数据库优化
数据库优化
/dev/sdb1 /mysql ext4 defaults,noatime,barrier=0 0 2
undefined/dev/sdb1 /mysql ext4 defaults,noatime,barrier=0 0 2
undefinedCPU 调优
CPU 调优
CPU 频率
CPU 频率
bash
undefinedbash
undefined查看调速器
查看调速器
cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
设置性能模式
设置性能模式
cpupower frequency-set -g performance
cpupower frequency-set -g performance
或直接设置
或直接设置
echo performance | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
undefinedecho performance | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
undefinedNUMA 优化
NUMA 优化
bash
undefinedbash
undefined查看 NUMA 信息
查看 NUMA 信息
numactl --hardware
numastat
numactl --hardware
numastat
绑定 NUMA 节点
绑定 NUMA 节点
numactl --cpunodebind=0 --membind=0 ./program
numactl --cpunodebind=0 --membind=0 ./program
查看进程 NUMA 分布
查看进程 NUMA 分布
numastat -p PID
undefinednumastat -p PID
undefinedCPU 亲和性
CPU 亲和性
bash
undefinedbash
undefined查看亲和性
查看亲和性
taskset -p PID
taskset -p PID
设置亲和性
设置亲和性
taskset -c 0-3 ./program
taskset -pc 0-3 PID
undefinedtaskset -c 0-3 ./program
taskset -pc 0-3 PID
undefined常见场景
常见场景
场景 1：Web 服务器优化
场景 1：Web 服务器优化
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/sysctl.d/99-web.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/99-web.conf
net.core.somaxconn = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 65535
net.core.somaxconn = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65535
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 65535
文件描述符
文件描述符
fs.file-max = 2097152
undefinedfs.file-max = 2097152
undefined场景 2：数据库服务器优化
场景 2：数据库服务器优化
bash
undefinedbash
undefined/etc/sysctl.d/99-database.conf
/etc/sysctl.d/99-database.conf
vm.swappiness = 1
vm.dirty_ratio = 40
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 10
vm.overcommit_memory = 1
vm.swappiness = 1
vm.dirty_ratio = 40
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 10
vm.overcommit_memory = 1
大页内存
大页内存
vm.nr_hugepages = 1024
undefinedvm.nr_hugepages = 1024
undefined场景 3：高并发优化
场景 3：高并发优化
bash
#!/bin/bashbash
#!/bin/bash一键优化脚本
一键优化脚本
网络
网络
sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=65535
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65535
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range="1024 65535"
sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=65535
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog=65535
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range="1024 65535"
文件
文件
sysctl -w fs.file-max=2097152
sysctl -w fs.file-max=2097152
内存
内存
sysctl -w vm.swappiness=10
undefinedsysctl -w vm.swappiness=10
undefined调优检查
调优检查
| 项目 | 检查命令 |
|---|---|
| 文件限制 | ulimit -n |
| 网络参数 | sysctl -a | grep net |
| 内存参数 | sysctl -a | grep vm |
| IO 调度 | cat /sys/block/*/queue/scheduler |
| 项目 | 检查命令 |
|---|---|
| 文件限制 | ulimit -n |
| 网络参数 | sysctl -a | grep net |
| 内存参数 | sysctl -a | grep vm |
| IO 调度 | cat /sys/block/*/queue/scheduler |
故障排查
故障排查
bash
undefinedbash
undefined检查当前限制
检查当前限制
cat /proc/PID/limits
cat /proc/PID/limits
检查打开文件数
检查打开文件数
ls /proc/PID/fd | wc -l
lsof -p PID | wc -l
ls /proc/PID/fd | wc -l
lsof -p PID | wc -l
检查网络连接
检查网络连接
ss -s
netstat -an | awk '/tcp/ {print $6}' | sort | uniq -c
undefinedss -s
netstat -an | awk '/tcp/ {print $6}' | sort | uniq -c
undefined