spring-boot
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English🇨🇳
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ChineseSpring Boot 3 Enterprise Patterns
Spring Boot 3 企业级模式实践
Full Reference: See production.md for configuration profiles, health checks, logging, graceful shutdown, and caching.
完整参考:请查看production.md获取配置文件、健康检查、日志记录、优雅停机和缓存相关内容。
Controller with DTOs
基于DTO的控制器
java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/v1/users")
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Tag(name = "Users", description = "User management endpoints")
public class UserController {
private final UserService userService;
@GetMapping
public ResponseEntity<List<UserResponse>> findAll(
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "10") int size) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findAll(page, size));
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<UserResponse> findById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findById(id));
}
@PostMapping
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
public ResponseEntity<UserResponse> create(@Valid @RequestBody CreateUserRequest dto) {
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED).body(userService.create(dto));
}
@PutMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<UserResponse> update(
@PathVariable Long id, @Valid @RequestBody UpdateUserRequest dto) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.update(id, dto));
}
@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT)
public ResponseEntity<Void> delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.delete(id);
return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();
}
}java
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/v1/users")
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@Tag(name = "Users", description = "User management endpoints")
public class UserController {
private final UserService userService;
@GetMapping
public ResponseEntity<List<UserResponse>> findAll(
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "0") int page,
@RequestParam(defaultValue = "10") int size) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findAll(page, size));
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<UserResponse> findById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findById(id));
}
@PostMapping
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.CREATED)
public ResponseEntity<UserResponse> create(@Valid @RequestBody CreateUserRequest dto) {
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.CREATED).body(userService.create(dto));
}
@PutMapping("/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<UserResponse> update(
@PathVariable Long id, @Valid @RequestBody UpdateUserRequest dto) {
return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.update(id, dto));
}
@DeleteMapping("/{id}")
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT)
public ResponseEntity<Void> delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.delete(id);
return ResponseEntity.noContent().build();
}
}Service with MapStruct
结合MapStruct的服务层
java
@Service
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
private final UserMapper userMapper;
private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
@Override
public List<UserResponse> findAll(int page, int size) {
return userRepository.findAll(PageRequest.of(page, size))
.map(userMapper::toResponse).getContent();
}
@Override
public UserResponse findById(Long id) {
return userRepository.findById(id)
.map(userMapper::toResponse)
.orElseThrow(() -> new ResourceNotFoundException("User", "id", id));
}
@Override
@Transactional
public UserResponse create(CreateUserRequest dto) {
if (userRepository.existsByEmail(dto.getEmail())) {
throw new BadRequestException("Email already registered");
}
User user = userMapper.toEntity(dto);
user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(dto.getPassword()));
return userMapper.toResponse(userRepository.save(user));
}
}java
@Service
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private final UserRepository userRepository;
private final UserMapper userMapper;
private final PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
@Override
public List<UserResponse> findAll(int page, int size) {
return userRepository.findAll(PageRequest.of(page, size))
.map(userMapper::toResponse).getContent();
}
@Override
public UserResponse findById(Long id) {
return userRepository.findById(id)
.map(userMapper::toResponse)
.orElseThrow(() -> new ResourceNotFoundException("User", "id", id));
}
@Override
@Transactional
public UserResponse create(CreateUserRequest dto) {
if (userRepository.existsByEmail(dto.getEmail())) {
throw new BadRequestException("Email already registered");
}
User user = userMapper.toEntity(dto);
user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(dto.getPassword()));
return userMapper.toResponse(userRepository.save(user));
}
}MapStruct Mapper
MapStruct映射器
java
@Mapper(componentModel = "spring", unmappedTargetPolicy = ReportingPolicy.IGNORE)
public interface UserMapper {
UserResponse toResponse(User user);
@Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
@Mapping(target = "createdAt", ignore = true)
@Mapping(target = "password", ignore = true)
User toEntity(CreateUserRequest dto);
@BeanMapping(nullValuePropertyMappingStrategy = NullValuePropertyMappingStrategy.IGNORE)
void updateEntity(UpdateUserRequest dto, @MappingTarget User user);
}java
@Mapper(componentModel = "spring", unmappedTargetPolicy = ReportingPolicy.IGNORE)
public interface UserMapper {
UserResponse toResponse(User user);
@Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
@Mapping(target = "createdAt", ignore = true)
@Mapping(target = "password", ignore = true)
User toEntity(CreateUserRequest dto);
@BeanMapping(nullValuePropertyMappingStrategy = NullValuePropertyMappingStrategy.IGNORE)
void updateEntity(UpdateUserRequest dto, @MappingTarget User user);
}Entity with Lombok & Auditing
结合Lombok与审计的实体类
java
@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Builder
@EntityListeners(AuditingEntityListener.class)
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false, length = 100)
private String name;
@Column(unique = true, nullable = false)
private String email;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String password;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
@Column(nullable = false)
private UserRole role = UserRole.USER;
@CreatedDate
@Column(updatable = false)
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
@LastModifiedDate
private LocalDateTime updatedAt;
}java
@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Builder
@EntityListeners(AuditingEntityListener.class)
public class User {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false, length = 100)
private String name;
@Column(unique = true, nullable = false)
private String email;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String password;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
@Column(nullable = false)
private UserRole role = UserRole.USER;
@CreatedDate
@Column(updatable = false)
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
@LastModifiedDate
private LocalDateTime updatedAt;
}DTOs with Validation
带验证的DTO
java
@Data
public class CreateUserRequest {
@NotBlank(message = "Name is required")
@Size(min = 2, max = 100)
private String name;
@NotBlank(message = "Email is required")
@Email(message = "Invalid email format")
private String email;
@NotBlank(message = "Password is required")
@Size(min = 8, message = "Password must be at least 8 characters")
private String password;
}
@Data
@Builder
public class UserResponse {
private Long id;
private String name;
private String email;
private UserRole role;
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
}java
@Data
public class CreateUserRequest {
@NotBlank(message = "Name is required")
@Size(min = 2, max = 100)
private String name;
@NotBlank(message = "Email is required")
@Email(message = "Invalid email format")
private String email;
@NotBlank(message = "Password is required")
@Size(min = 8, message = "Password must be at least 8 characters")
private String password;
}
@Data
@Builder
public class UserResponse {
private Long id;
private String name;
private String email;
private UserRole role;
private LocalDateTime createdAt;
}Global Exception Handler
全局异常处理器
java
@RestControllerAdvice
@Slf4j
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(ErrorResponse.of(ex.getMessage()));
}
@ExceptionHandler(BadRequestException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBadRequest(BadRequestException ex) {
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ErrorResponse.of(ex.getMessage()));
}
@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidation(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
Map<String, String> errors = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().stream()
.collect(Collectors.toMap(FieldError::getField, FieldError::getDefaultMessage, (a, b) -> a));
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ErrorResponse.of("Validation failed", errors));
}
}java
@RestControllerAdvice
@Slf4j
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
return ResponseEntity.status(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND).body(ErrorResponse.of(ex.getMessage()));
}
@ExceptionHandler(BadRequestException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleBadRequest(BadRequestException ex) {
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ErrorResponse.of(ex.getMessage()));
}
@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidation(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
Map<String, String> errors = ex.getBindingResult().getFieldErrors().stream()
.collect(Collectors.toMap(FieldError::getField, FieldError::getDefaultMessage, (a, b) -> a));
return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(ErrorResponse.of("Validation failed", errors));
}
}JWT Security Configuration
JWT安全配置
java
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class SecurityConfig {
private final JwtAuthenticationFilter jwtAuthFilter;
@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
return http
.csrf(AbstractHttpConfigurer::disable)
.cors(Customizer.withDefaults())
.sessionManagement(session -> session.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS))
.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
.requestMatchers("/api/v1/auth/**").permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/swagger-ui/**", "/v3/api-docs/**").permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/actuator/health").permitAll()
.anyRequest().authenticated())
.addFilterBefore(jwtAuthFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class)
.build();
}
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
}
}java
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class SecurityConfig {
private final JwtAuthenticationFilter jwtAuthFilter;
@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
return http
.csrf(AbstractHttpConfigurer::disable)
.cors(Customizer.withDefaults())
.sessionManagement(session -> session.sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS))
.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
.requestMatchers("/api/v1/auth/**").permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/swagger-ui/**", "/v3/api-docs/**").permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/actuator/health").permitAll()
.anyRequest().authenticated())
.addFilterBefore(jwtAuthFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class)
.build();
}
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
}
}Flyway Migration
Flyway数据库迁移
sql
-- V1__create_users_table.sql
CREATE TABLE users (
id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
role VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USER',
status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'ACTIVE',
created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
updated_at TIMESTAMP
);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);sql
-- V1__create_users_table.sql
CREATE TABLE users (
id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
role VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USER',
status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'ACTIVE',
created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
updated_at TIMESTAMP
);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);Key Annotations
核心注解
| Annotation | Purpose |
|---|---|
| REST controller |
| Lombok constructor injection |
| Transaction management |
| Bean validation |
| MapStruct mapper |
| JPA auditing |
| 注解 | 用途 |
|---|---|
| REST控制器 |
| Lombok构造函数注入 |
| 事务管理 |
| Bean验证 |
| MapStruct映射器 |
| JPA审计 |
Anti-Patterns
反模式
| Anti-Pattern | Why It's Bad | Correct Approach |
|---|---|---|
| Manual constructor injection | Verbose, error-prone | Use |
| Manual DTO mapping | Boilerplate code | Use MapStruct |
| Try-catch in every controller | Code duplication | Use |
Forget | Data inconsistency | Always use for write operations |
| Manual schema changes | Migration chaos | Use Flyway or Liquibase |
| 反模式 | 问题所在 | 正确做法 |
|---|---|---|
| 手动构造函数注入 | 代码冗长、易出错 | 使用 |
| 手动DTO映射 | 样板代码过多 | 使用MapStruct |
| 每个控制器中都写try-catch | 代码重复 | 使用 |
遗漏 | 数据不一致 | 写操作务必使用该注解 |
| 手动修改数据库 schema | 迁移混乱 | 使用Flyway或Liquibase |
Quick Troubleshooting
快速故障排查
| Problem | Likely Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| LazyInitializationException | Open-in-view disabled | Fetch data in transaction |
| 401 Unauthorized | Security misconfigured | Check SecurityFilterChain |
| Validation not working | Missing | Add |
| Mapper not found | MapStruct not processed | Run |
| Flyway migration fails | Checksum mismatch | Fix migration or use repair |
Deep Knowledge: Usewith technology:mcp__documentation__fetch_docsfor comprehensive documentation.spring-boot
Note: For JPA and Security, use dedicated skillsandspring-data-jpa.spring-security
| 问题 | 可能原因 | 解决方案 |
|---|---|---|
| LazyInitializationException | Open-in-view已禁用 | 在事务中获取数据 |
| 401 Unauthorized | 安全配置错误 | 检查SecurityFilterChain |
| 验证不生效 | 缺少 | 在 |
| 映射器未找到 | MapStruct未被处理 | 执行 |
| Flyway迁移失败 | 校验和不匹配 | 修复迁移脚本或使用repair命令 |
深入学习:使用并指定技术:mcp__documentation__fetch_docs获取完整文档。spring-boot
注意:关于JPA和安全相关内容,请使用专用技能和spring-data-jpa。spring-security