vertical-slice

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English

🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

Vertical Slice Architecture (VSA)

Core Principles

核心原则

Organize by feature, not by layer — Each feature is a self-contained vertical slice containing its endpoint, handler, request/response types, and validation. No more jumping between Controllers/, Services/, Repositories/ folders.
Minimize cross-feature coupling — Features should not reference each other directly. Shared concerns go in a
```
Common/
```
or
```
Shared/
```
directory.
One file per feature is fine — A simple CRUD endpoint doesn't need 5 files spread across layers. Start with everything in one file, extract only when complexity demands it.
The handler is the unit of work — Each handler does one thing. No god-services with 20 methods.

按功能而非分层组织 —— 每个功能都是一个独立的垂直切片，包含其端点、处理程序、请求/响应类型和验证。无需再在Controllers/、Services/、Repositories/文件夹之间来回切换。
最小化跨功能耦合 —— 功能之间不应直接相互引用。共享关注点放在
```
Common/
```
或
```
Shared/
```
目录中。
单个功能对应单个文件即可 —— 一个简单的CRUD端点不需要分散在多个层中的5个文件。一开始可以将所有内容放在一个文件中，仅在复杂度要求时再进行提取。
处理程序是工作单元 —— 每个处理程序只做一件事。不要有包含20个方法的“上帝服务”。

Patterns

模式

Feature Folder Structure

功能文件夹结构

src/
  MyApp.Api/
    Features/
      Orders/
        CreateOrder.cs          # Request, Handler, Response, Endpoint — all in one file
        GetOrder.cs
        ListOrders.cs
        CancelOrder.cs
        Shared/
          OrderMapper.cs        # Shared within the Orders feature only
      Products/
        CreateProduct.cs
        GetProduct.cs
    Common/
      Behaviors/
        ValidationBehavior.cs   # Cross-cutting Mediator pipeline behavior
      Persistence/
        AppDbContext.cs
      Extensions/
        ServiceCollectionExtensions.cs
    Program.cs

src/
  MyApp.Api/
    Features/
      Orders/
        CreateOrder.cs          # Request, Handler, Response, Endpoint — all in one file
        GetOrder.cs
        ListOrders.cs
        CancelOrder.cs
        Shared/
          OrderMapper.cs        # Shared within the Orders feature only
      Products/
        CreateProduct.cs
        GetProduct.cs
    Common/
      Behaviors/
        ValidationBehavior.cs   # Cross-cutting Mediator pipeline behavior
      Persistence/
        AppDbContext.cs
      Extensions/
        ServiceCollectionExtensions.cs
    Program.cs

Pattern A: Mediator Handlers (Recommended Default)

模式A：Mediator处理程序（推荐默认方案）

Source-generated mediator — MIT licensed, no reflection, Native AOT compatible. Uses

IRequest<T>

IRequestHandler<TRequest, TResponse>

with pipeline behaviors. Near-identical API to MediatR but faster and free. Package:

Mediator.Abstractions

Mediator.SourceGenerator

csharp

// Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs

public static class CreateOrder
{
    public record Command(string CustomerId, List<OrderItemDto> Items) : IRequest<Result<OrderResponse>>;

    public record OrderItemDto(string ProductId, int Quantity);

    public record OrderResponse(Guid Id, decimal Total, DateTime CreatedAt);

    public class Validator : AbstractValidator<Command>
    {
        public Validator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.CustomerId).NotEmpty();
            RuleFor(x => x.Items).NotEmpty();
            RuleForEach(x => x.Items).ChildRules(item =>
            {
                item.RuleFor(x => x.ProductId).NotEmpty();
                item.RuleFor(x => x.Quantity).GreaterThan(0);
            });
        }
    }

    internal sealed class Handler(AppDbContext db, TimeProvider clock) : IRequestHandler<Command, Result<OrderResponse>>
    {
        public async ValueTask<Result<OrderResponse>> Handle(Command request, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            var order = Order.Create(request.CustomerId, request.Items, clock.GetUtcNow());
            db.Orders.Add(order);
            await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);

            return Result.Success(new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Total, order.CreatedAt));
        }
    }
}

// Registration in Program.cs or module DI
builder.Services.AddMediator();

// Features/Orders/OrderEndpoints.cs — auto-discovered via IEndpointGroup
public sealed class OrderEndpoints : IEndpointGroup
{
    public void Map(IEndpointRouteBuilder app)
    {
        var group = app.MapGroup("/api/orders").WithTags("Orders");

        group.MapPost("/", async (CreateOrder.Command command, ISender sender, CancellationToken ct) =>
        {
            var result = await sender.Send(command, ct);
            return result.IsSuccess
                ? TypedResults.Created($"/api/orders/{result.Value.Id}", result.Value)
                : result.ToProblemDetails();
        })
        .WithName("CreateOrder").Produces<CreateOrder.OrderResponse>(201)
        .ProducesValidationProblem()
        .AddEndpointFilter<ValidationFilter<CreateOrder.Command>>();
    }
}

源代码生成的mediator —— MIT许可，无反射，兼容Native AOT。使用

IRequest<T>

IRequestHandler<TRequest, TResponse>

和管道行为。API与MediatR几乎完全相同，但速度更快且免费。包：

Mediator.Abstractions

Mediator.SourceGenerator

。

csharp

// Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs

public static class CreateOrder
{
    public record Command(string CustomerId, List<OrderItemDto> Items) : IRequest<Result<OrderResponse>>;

    public record OrderItemDto(string ProductId, int Quantity);

    public record OrderResponse(Guid Id, decimal Total, DateTime CreatedAt);

    public class Validator : AbstractValidator<Command>
    {
        public Validator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.CustomerId).NotEmpty();
            RuleFor(x => x.Items).NotEmpty();
            RuleForEach(x => x.Items).ChildRules(item =>
            {
                item.RuleFor(x => x.ProductId).NotEmpty();
                item.RuleFor(x => x.Quantity).GreaterThan(0);
            });
        }
    }

    internal sealed class Handler(AppDbContext db, TimeProvider clock) : IRequestHandler<Command, Result<OrderResponse>>
    {
        public async ValueTask<Result<OrderResponse>> Handle(Command request, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            var order = Order.Create(request.CustomerId, request.Items, clock.GetUtcNow());
            db.Orders.Add(order);
            await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);

            return Result.Success(new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Total, order.CreatedAt));
        }
    }
}

// Registration in Program.cs or module DI
builder.Services.AddMediator();

// Features/Orders/OrderEndpoints.cs — auto-discovered via IEndpointGroup
public sealed class OrderEndpoints : IEndpointGroup
{
    public void Map(IEndpointRouteBuilder app)
    {
        var group = app.MapGroup("/api/orders").WithTags("Orders");

        group.MapPost("/", async (CreateOrder.Command command, ISender sender, CancellationToken ct) =>
        {
            var result = await sender.Send(command, ct);
            return result.IsSuccess
                ? TypedResults.Created($"/api/orders/{result.Value.Id}", result.Value)
                : result.ToProblemDetails();
        })
        .WithName("CreateOrder").Produces<CreateOrder.OrderResponse>(201)
        .ProducesValidationProblem()
        .AddEndpointFilter<ValidationFilter<CreateOrder.Command>>();
    }
}

Pattern B: Wolverine Handlers

模式B：Wolverine处理程序

Convention-based — no interfaces to implement. Wolverine discovers handlers by method signature.

csharp

// Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs

public static class CreateOrder
{
    public record Command(string CustomerId, List<OrderItemDto> Items);

    public record OrderItemDto(string ProductId, int Quantity);

    public record OrderResponse(Guid Id, decimal Total, DateTime CreatedAt);

    // Wolverine discovers this by convention (static Handle method)
    public static async Task<Result<OrderResponse>> Handle(
        Command command,
        AppDbContext db,
        TimeProvider clock,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var order = Order.Create(command.CustomerId, command.Items, clock.GetUtcNow());
        db.Orders.Add(order);
        await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);
        return Result.Success(new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Total, order.CreatedAt));
    }
}

基于约定——无需实现接口。Wolverine通过方法签名发现处理程序。

csharp

// Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs

public static class CreateOrder
{
    public record Command(string CustomerId, List<OrderItemDto> Items);

    public record OrderItemDto(string ProductId, int Quantity);

    public record OrderResponse(Guid Id, decimal Total, DateTime CreatedAt);

    // Wolverine discovers this by convention (static Handle method)
    public static async Task<Result<OrderResponse>> Handle(
        Command command,
        AppDbContext db,
        TimeProvider clock,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var order = Order.Create(command.CustomerId, command.Items, clock.GetUtcNow());
        db.Orders.Add(order);
        await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);
        return Result.Success(new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Total, order.CreatedAt));
    }
}

Pattern C: Raw Handler Classes (No Library)

模式C：原生处理类（无依赖库）

Direct handler classes with no external dependency. Good for small projects or teams that want full control.

csharp

// Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs

public static class CreateOrder
{
    public record Command(string CustomerId, List<OrderItemDto> Items);

    public record OrderItemDto(string ProductId, int Quantity);

    public record OrderResponse(Guid Id, decimal Total, DateTime CreatedAt);

    internal class Handler(AppDbContext db, TimeProvider clock)
    {
        public async Task<Result<OrderResponse>> ExecuteAsync(Command command, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            var order = Order.Create(command.CustomerId, command.Items, clock.GetUtcNow());
            db.Orders.Add(order);
            await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);

            return Result.Success(new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Total, order.CreatedAt));
        }
    }
}

// Endpoint wiring — Result maps to HTTP response
group.MapPost("/", async (CreateOrder.Command command, CreateOrder.Handler handler, CancellationToken ct) =>
{
    var result = await handler.ExecuteAsync(command, ct);
    return result.IsSuccess
        ? TypedResults.Created($"/api/orders/{result.Value.Id}", result.Value)
        : result.ToProblemDetails();
});

无外部依赖的直接处理类。适用于小型项目或希望完全掌控的团队。

csharp

// Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs

public static class CreateOrder
{
    public record Command(string CustomerId, List<OrderItemDto> Items);

    public record OrderItemDto(string ProductId, int Quantity);

    public record OrderResponse(Guid Id, decimal Total, DateTime CreatedAt);

    internal class Handler(AppDbContext db, TimeProvider clock)
    {
        public async Task<Result<OrderResponse>> ExecuteAsync(Command command, CancellationToken ct)
        {
            var order = Order.Create(command.CustomerId, command.Items, clock.GetUtcNow());
            db.Orders.Add(order);
            await db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);

            return Result.Success(new OrderResponse(order.Id, order.Total, order.CreatedAt));
        }
    }
}

// Endpoint wiring — Result maps to HTTP response
group.MapPost("/", async (CreateOrder.Command command, CreateOrder.Handler handler, CancellationToken ct) =>
{
    var result = await handler.ExecuteAsync(command, ct);
    return result.IsSuccess
        ? TypedResults.Created($"/api/orders/{result.Value.Id}", result.Value)
        : result.ToProblemDetails();
});

Adding Module Boundaries (Optional)

添加模块边界（可选）

For larger applications that grow beyond a single project, introduce module boundaries. Each module is a separate class library with its own features and DbContext.

src/
  MyApp.Api/                      # Host — wires modules together
    Program.cs
    Modules/
      ModuleExtensions.cs         # app.MapOrderModule(), app.MapCatalogModule()
  MyApp.Orders/                   # Module — own features, own DbContext
    Features/
      CreateOrder.cs
    Persistence/
      OrdersDbContext.cs
    OrdersModule.cs               # IServiceCollection + IEndpointRouteBuilder extensions
  MyApp.Catalog/                  # Module
    Features/
      CreateProduct.cs
    Persistence/
      CatalogDbContext.cs
    CatalogModule.cs

Modules communicate via:

Integration events (preferred) — async, decoupled via Wolverine or MassTransit
Shared contracts — a
```
MyApp.Contracts
```
project with DTOs/interfaces (use sparingly)

对于规模超出单个项目的大型应用，可引入模块边界。每个模块是一个独立的类库，拥有自己的功能和DbContext。

src/
  MyApp.Api/                      # Host — wires modules together
    Program.cs
    Modules/
      ModuleExtensions.cs         # app.MapOrderModule(), app.MapCatalogModule()
  MyApp.Orders/                   # Module — own features, own DbContext
    Features/
      CreateOrder.cs
    Persistence/
      OrdersDbContext.cs
    OrdersModule.cs               # IServiceCollection + IEndpointRouteBuilder extensions
  MyApp.Catalog/                  # Module
    Features/
      CreateProduct.cs
    Persistence/
      CatalogDbContext.cs
    CatalogModule.cs

模块通过以下方式通信：

集成事件（首选）——异步，通过Wolverine或MassTransit实现解耦
共享契约——包含DTO/接口的
```
MyApp.Contracts
```
项目（谨慎使用）

Shared Concerns

共享关注点

Cross-cutting concerns live outside feature folders:

csharp

// Common/Behaviors/ValidationBehavior.cs (Mediator pipeline)
public sealed class ValidationBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>(IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> validators)
    : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    where TRequest : IMessage
{
    public async ValueTask<TResponse> Handle(
        TRequest request,
        MessageHandlerDelegate<TRequest, TResponse> next,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var context = new ValidationContext<TRequest>(request);
        var failures = validators
            .Select(v => v.Validate(context))
            .SelectMany(r => r.Errors)
            .Where(f => f is not null)
            .ToList();

        if (failures.Count > 0)
            throw new ValidationException(failures);

        return await next(request, ct);
    }
}

横切关注点位于功能文件夹之外：

csharp

// Common/Behaviors/ValidationBehavior.cs (Mediator pipeline)
public sealed class ValidationBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>(IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> validators)
    : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    where TRequest : IMessage
{
    public async ValueTask<TResponse> Handle(
        TRequest request,
        MessageHandlerDelegate<TRequest, TResponse> next,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var context = new ValidationContext<TRequest>(request);
        var failures = validators
            .Select(v => v.Validate(context))
            .SelectMany(r => r.Errors)
            .Where(f => f is not null)
            .ToList();

        if (failures.Count > 0)
            throw new ValidationException(failures);

        return await next(request, ct);
    }
}

Anti-patterns

反模式

Don't Create Layered Abstractions Within a Slice

不要在切片内创建分层抽象

csharp

// BAD — a feature folder with its own service layer and repository
Features/
  Orders/
    CreateOrder.cs
    IOrderService.cs         # unnecessary abstraction
    OrderService.cs          # unnecessary abstraction
    IOrderRepository.cs      # unnecessary abstraction
    OrderRepository.cs       # unnecessary abstraction

// GOOD — handler talks directly to DbContext
Features/
  Orders/
    CreateOrder.cs           # handler uses AppDbContext directly

csharp

// BAD — a feature folder with its own service layer and repository
Features/
  Orders/
    CreateOrder.cs
    IOrderService.cs         # unnecessary abstraction
    OrderService.cs          # unnecessary abstraction
    IOrderRepository.cs      # unnecessary abstraction
    OrderRepository.cs       # unnecessary abstraction

// GOOD — handler talks directly to DbContext
Features/
  Orders/
    CreateOrder.cs           # handler uses AppDbContext directly

Don't Cross-reference Features Directly

不要直接跨功能引用

csharp

// BAD — CreateOrder directly calls GetProduct handler
var product = await _getProductHandler.Handle(new GetProduct.Query(productId));

// GOOD — query the database directly or use a shared read model
var product = await db.Products.FindAsync(productId, ct);

csharp

// BAD — CreateOrder directly calls GetProduct handler
var product = await _getProductHandler.Handle(new GetProduct.Query(productId));

// GOOD — query the database directly or use a shared read model
var product = await db.Products.FindAsync(productId, ct);

Don't Put Everything in One God Feature File

不要将所有内容放在一个“上帝功能文件”中

csharp

// BAD — 500-line file with CRUD + business logic + mapping
public static class Orders
{
    // Create, Read, Update, Delete, Cancel, Refund, Export...
}

// GOOD — one file per operation
Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs
Features/Orders/GetOrder.cs
Features/Orders/CancelOrder.cs

csharp

// BAD — 500-line file with CRUD + business logic + mapping
public static class Orders
{
    // Create, Read, Update, Delete, Cancel, Refund, Export...
}

// GOOD — one file per operation
Features/Orders/CreateOrder.cs
Features/Orders/GetOrder.cs
Features/Orders/CancelOrder.cs

Decision Guide

决策指南

Scenario	Recommendation
New project (default)	Pattern A — Mediator (source-generated, MIT, fast)
Need mediator + messaging in one lib	Pattern B — Wolverine (also handles events/queues)
Want full control, no dependencies	Pattern C — Raw handler classes
Existing MediatR codebase with license	Keep MediatR if licensed; otherwise migrate to Mediator (near-identical API)
Monolith growing complex	Add module boundaries, keep VSA within each module
Simple CRUD feature	Single file: request + handler + endpoint
Complex feature (saga, events)	Multiple files in feature folder, still colocated
Sharing logic between features	Extract to `Common/` — not to another feature

场景	推荐方案
新项目（默认）	模式A —— Mediator（源代码生成，MIT许可，快速）
需要在单个库中实现mediator + 消息传递	模式B —— Wolverine（同时处理事件/队列）
希望完全掌控，无依赖	模式C —— 原生处理类
现有带许可证的MediatR代码库	若已授权则保留MediatR；否则迁移到Mediator（API几乎完全相同）
单体应用复杂度提升	添加模块边界，在每个模块内保持VSA
简单CRUD功能	单个文件：请求 + 处理程序 + 端点
复杂功能（事务、事件）	功能文件夹内的多个文件，但仍保持集中存放
在功能之间共享逻辑	提取到 `Common/` 目录——而非其他功能