Timing — Tempo control. Frames per action define speed. Consistent timing creates rhythm. Varied timing creates interest. Know when to be metronome-steady and when to rubato.
Slow In & Slow Out — The space between notes. Easing is like vibrato—it shapes the attack and release of each movement-note. Hard stops are staccato. Soft settles are legato.
Anticipation — The upbeat before the downbeat. Music notation shows anticipation as the breath mark. The pause that creates emphasis on what follows.
Follow Through & Overlapping Action — Counterpoint. Multiple elements moving at different rhythms create harmonic complexity. The main action is melody; follow-through is accompaniment.
Secondary Action — Rhythm section. While the lead melody (primary action) plays, secondary elements keep the underlying beat. They support without overpowering.
Staging — Composition includes visual rhythm. Pattern and variation in how shots are framed. Long shot, medium shot, close-up—like verses and choruses.
Exaggeration — Accents and dynamics. Fortissimo movements demand attention. Pianissimo subtlety creates contrast. Without dynamic range, rhythm becomes monotonous.
Squash & Stretch — Visual percussion. Impact frames are drum hits. Stretch is the sustain. Squash-stretch patterns create rhythmic texture in motion.
Arcs — Melodic lines. Smooth arcs are flowing melodies. Sharp direction changes are rhythmic accents. The shape of motion in time is the shape of music in space.
Appeal — Rhythmic motion is inherently appealing. Humans are pattern-recognizing creatures. We find pleasure in rhythm and satisfaction when patterns resolve.
Solid Drawing — Consistent structure allows rhythm to read. If forms are muddy, beats get lost. Clarity of drawing supports clarity of timing.
Straight Ahead & Pose to Pose — Pose to pose is like writing sheet music—define the beats first. Straight ahead is like jazz improv—find rhythm in the performance.
Timing（时间控制） —— 速度把控。每个动作的帧数决定了速度。稳定的Timing塑造节奏，变化的Timing增添趣味。要清楚何时需要像节拍器一样精准，何时需要灵活自由（rubato）。
Slow In & Slow Out（慢入慢出） —— 音符间的空隙。缓动效果就像颤音，它塑造了每个动作“音符”的起始与收尾。突然停止如同staccato（断奏），柔和停顿如同legato（连奏）。
Anticipation（预备动作） —— 重拍前的起拍。音乐记谱中的呼吸记号就代表着Anticipation。这个停顿能为后续的动作增添强调效果。
Follow Through & Overlapping Action（跟随动作与重叠动作） —— 对位法。多个元素以不同节奏运动，创造出和谐的复杂性。主动作是旋律，跟随动作为伴奏。
Secondary Action（次要动作） —— 节奏组。当主旋律（主动作）进行时，次要元素维持着基础节拍。它们起到支撑作用，却不会盖过主动作。
Staging（构图布局） —— 构图中包含视觉节奏。镜头framing的模式与变化，比如远景、中景、特写，就如同歌曲的主歌与副歌。
Exaggeration（夸张） —— 重音与力度。fortissimo（强音）般的动作吸引注意力，pianissimo（弱音）般的细腻动作形成对比。没有力度变化，节奏就会变得单调乏味。
Squash & Stretch（挤压与拉伸） —— 视觉打击乐。碰撞帧就像鼓点，拉伸是延音，挤压-拉伸的模式为运动赋予了富有韵律的质感。
Arcs（弧线运动） —— 旋律线条。流畅的弧线如同悠扬的旋律，急剧的方向变化如同节奏重音。运动随时间呈现的形态，就是音乐在空间中的具象化。
Appeal（吸引力） —— 富有韵律的运动天生具有吸引力。人类是善于识别模式的生物，我们能从节奏中获得愉悦感，也会在模式得到呼应时感到满足。
Solid Drawing（扎实的造型） —— 稳定的结构让节奏清晰可感。如果造型模糊不清，节拍点就会被淹没。清晰的造型支撑着清晰的Timing。
Straight Ahead & Pose to Pose（逐帧绘制与关键帧绘制） —— Pose to Pose就像谱写乐谱——先确定节拍点。Straight Ahead则像爵士乐即兴演奏——在表演中寻找节奏。