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ChineseBusiness Model Canvas - Strategic Business Design
Business Model Canvas - 战略商业模式设计
Visual framework for developing, documenting, and iterating on business models.
Created by Alexander Osterwalder, used worldwide by startups and enterprises.
这是一款用于开发、记录和迭代商业模式的可视化框架,由Alexander Osterwalder创立,被全球的初创企业和大型企业广泛使用。
When to Use This Skill
何时使用该方法
- Evaluating new product or startup ideas
- Analyzing competitor business models
- Planning business pivots or expansions
- Communicating strategy to stakeholders
- Identifying gaps in current business model
- Due diligence on investments or partnerships
- 评估新产品或初创企业创意
- 分析竞争对手的商业模式
- 规划业务转型或扩张
- 向利益相关者传达战略
- 识别当前商业模式的漏洞
- 投资或合作的尽职调查
The Nine Building Blocks
九大构建模块
┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ KEY PARTNERS │ KEY ACTIVITIES │ │ CUSTOMER │ │
│ │ │ VALUE │ RELATIONSHIPS │ CUSTOMER │
│ Who helps us? │ What do we do? │ PROPOSITIONS │ │ SEGMENTS │
│ │ │ │ How do we │ │
│ ├─────────────────┤ What value │ interact? │ Who do we │
│ │ │ do we deliver? │ │ serve? │
│ │ KEY RESOURCES │ ├─────────────────┤ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ What do we need?│ │ CHANNELS │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ How do we │ │
│ │ │ │ reach them? │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┤
│ │ │
│ COST STRUCTURE │ REVENUE STREAMS │
│ │ │
│ What does it cost? │ How do we earn? │
│ │ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────┘┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┐
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ KEY PARTNERS │ KEY ACTIVITIES │ │ CUSTOMER │ │
│ │ │ VALUE │ RELATIONSHIPS │ CUSTOMER │
│ 关键合作伙伴 │ 核心业务活动 │ PROPOSITIONS │ 客户关系 │ 客户细分 │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ 谁能协助我们? │ 我们需要做什么?│ 价值主张 │ 我们如何互动? │ 我们服务谁? │
│ ├─────────────────┤ ├─────────────────┤ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ KEY RESOURCES │ │ CHANNELS │ │
│ │ 核心资源 │ │ 渠道通路 │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ 我们需要什么? │ │ 我们如何触达客户?│ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
├─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┤
│ │ │
│ COST STRUCTURE │ REVENUE STREAMS │
│ 成本结构 │ 收入来源 │
│ │ │
│ 我们的成本是什么? │ 我们如何盈利? │
│ │ │
└───────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────┘Building Block Details
构建模块详情
1. Customer Segments
1. 客户细分
Who are you creating value for?
| Segment Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Mass Market | No distinction between customers | Consumer electronics |
| Niche Market | Specialized, specific segments | Luxury goods |
| Segmented | Slightly different needs/problems | Bank retail vs. wealth |
| Diversified | Unrelated segments | Amazon: retail + AWS |
| Multi-sided | Interdependent segments | Credit cards: merchants + users |
Questions to answer:
- Who are our most important customers?
- What jobs are they trying to get done?
- What pains and gains do they have?
你为谁创造价值?
| 细分类型 | 描述 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 大众市场 | 不对客户进行区分 | 消费电子产品 |
| 利基市场 | 专注特定细分群体 | 奢侈品 |
| 细分市场 | 客户需求/问题略有差异 | 银行零售客户 vs 财富管理客户 |
| 多元化市场 | 不相关的客户群体 | 亚马逊:零售 + AWS |
| 双边市场 | 相互依赖的客户群体 | 信用卡:商户 + 用户 |
需要回答的问题:
- 我们最重要的客户是谁?
- 他们想要完成什么任务?
- 他们有哪些痛点和收益点?
2. Value Propositions
2. 价值主张
What value do you deliver to the customer?
| Value Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Newness | Satisfying previously unmet needs |
| Performance | Improving existing product/service |
| Customization | Tailoring to specific needs |
| Getting it done | Helping customers complete a job |
| Design | Superior aesthetics or experience |
| Brand/Status | Value from using a specific brand |
| Price | Similar value at lower price |
| Cost Reduction | Helping customers reduce costs |
| Risk Reduction | Reducing risks customers face |
| Accessibility | Available to those who lacked access |
| Convenience | Making things easier to use |
你为客户提供什么价值?
| 价值类型 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 新颖性 | 满足此前未被满足的需求 |
| 性能提升 | 改进现有产品/服务的性能 |
| 定制化 | 根据特定需求量身定制 |
| 任务完成 | 帮助客户完成特定任务 |
| 设计 | 卓越的美学设计或使用体验 |
| 品牌/身份 | 使用特定品牌带来的价值 |
| 价格优势 | 同等价值下的更低价格 |
| 成本削减 | 帮助客户降低成本 |
| 风险降低 | 减少客户面临的风险 |
| 可及性 | 让此前无法获取的群体得以使用 |
| 便捷性 | 让使用过程更简单 |
3. Channels
3. 渠道通路
How do you reach and communicate with customers?
Channel Phases:
Awareness → Evaluation → Purchase → Delivery → After-sales
│ │ │ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
Ads Website Store Shipping Support
PR Reviews App Install Training
Social Demos Sales Access Updates| Channel Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Direct | Sales force, website, owned stores |
| Indirect | Partner stores, wholesalers |
| Owned | Physical stores, website, app |
| Partner | Distributors, affiliates, marketplaces |
你如何触达并与客户沟通?
渠道阶段:
认知 → 评估 → 购买 → 交付 → 售后
│ │ │ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
广告 官网 门店 物流配送 客户支持
公关 评测 应用 安装服务 培训
社交媒体 演示 销售团队 访问权限 更新| 渠道类型 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 直接渠道 | 销售团队、官网、自有门店 |
| 间接渠道 | 合作门店、批发商 |
| 自有渠道 | 实体店、官网、应用 |
| 合作渠道 | 分销商、联盟伙伴、电商平台 |
4. Customer Relationships
4. 客户关系
What type of relationship does each segment expect?
| Relationship Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Personal assistance | Human interaction during/after |
| Dedicated | Specific rep for individual customer |
| Self-service | No direct relationship |
| Automated | Simulated personal via automation |
| Communities | User communities and forums |
| Co-creation | Customers help create value |
每个客户细分群体期望什么样的关系?
| 关系类型 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 人工协助 | 过程中或售后的人工互动 |
| 专属服务 | 为单个客户配备专属代表 |
| 自助服务 | 无直接人工关系 |
| 自动化服务 | 通过模拟人工的自动化服务 |
| 社区 | 用户社区和论坛 |
| 共创 | 客户参与价值创造 |
5. Revenue Streams
5. 收入来源
How does each customer segment generate revenue?
| Revenue Type | Description | Pricing |
|---|---|---|
| Asset sale | Selling ownership rights | Fixed/Dynamic |
| Usage fee | Pay per use | Per-unit |
| Subscription | Continuous access | Recurring |
| Lending/Renting | Temporary access | Time-based |
| Licensing | Permission to use IP | Per-license |
| Brokerage | Intermediation fees | Transaction % |
| Advertising | Fees for advertising | CPM/CPC/CPA |
每个客户细分群体如何为你带来收入?
| 收入类型 | 描述 | 定价方式 |
|---|---|---|
| 资产售卖 | 出售资产所有权 | 固定/动态定价 |
| 使用付费 | 按使用次数付费 | 按单位计费 |
| 订阅制 | 持续访问权限 | 周期性付费 |
| 租赁/借贷 | 临时使用权 | 按时长计费 |
| 授权 | 知识产权使用许可 | 按授权数量计费 |
| 经纪费 | 中介服务费用 | 按交易额抽成 |
| 广告 | 广告投放费用 | CPM/CPC/CPA |
6. Key Resources
6. 核心资源
What assets are essential to deliver the value proposition?
| Resource Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Physical | Facilities, machines, vehicles, POS |
| Intellectual | Brands, patents, data, proprietary tech |
| Human | Expert staff, sales teams, engineers |
| Financial | Cash, credit lines, stock options |
交付价值主张所需的关键资产是什么?
| 资源类型 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 实物资源 | 设施、设备、车辆、POS系统 |
| 知识产权 | 品牌、专利、数据、专有技术 |
| 人力资源 | 专业员工、销售团队、工程师 |
| 财务资源 | 现金、信贷额度、股票期权 |
7. Key Activities
7. 核心业务活动
What must you do to deliver the value proposition?
| Activity Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Production | Manufacturing, designing, delivering |
| Problem Solving | Consulting, training, custom dev |
| Platform/Network | Maintaining platform, matching supply/demand |
为了交付价值主张,你必须开展哪些活动?
| 活动类型 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 生产 | 制造、设计、交付 |
| 问题解决 | 咨询、培训、定制开发 |
| 平台/网络运营 | 维护平台、匹配供需 |
8. Key Partners
8. 关键合作伙伴
Who are your key partners and suppliers?
| Partnership Type | Motivation |
|---|---|
| Strategic alliance | Non-competitors working together |
| Coopetition | Competitors partnering |
| Joint ventures | New business development |
| Buyer-supplier | Reliable supplies |
Partnership motivations:
- Optimization and economy of scale
- Reduction of risk and uncertainty
- Acquisition of resources and activities
你的关键合作伙伴和供应商是谁?
| 合作类型 | 合作动机 |
|---|---|
| 战略联盟 | 非竞争对手间的合作 |
| 竞合 | 竞争对手间的合作 |
| 合资企业 | 新业务开发合作 |
| 买卖关系 | 稳定的供应合作 |
合作动机:
- 优化与规模经济
- 降低风险与不确定性
- 获取资源与业务能力
9. Cost Structure
9. 成本结构
What are the most important costs?
| Cost Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Fixed costs | Salaries, rent, utilities |
| Variable costs | Materials, commissions, hosting |
| Economies of scale | Cost advantages from volume |
| Economies of scope | Cost advantages from variety |
| Model Type | Focus |
|---|---|
| Cost-driven | Minimize costs wherever possible |
| Value-driven | Focus on value creation |
最重要的成本有哪些?
| 成本类型 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 固定成本 | 薪资、租金、水电费 |
| 可变成本 | 原材料、佣金、托管费用 |
| 规模经济 | 规模带来的成本优势 |
| 范围经济 | 产品多样性带来的成本优势 |
| 模式类型 | 核心目标 |
|---|---|
| 成本驱动 | 尽可能降低所有成本 |
| 价值驱动 | 专注于价值创造 |
Analysis Framework
分析框架
Step 1: Define Customer Segments First
步骤1:先定义客户细分
Start with who you serve:
Primary Segment:
├── Demographics: [Age, location, income]
├── Psychographics: [Values, interests, lifestyle]
├── Behaviors: [Usage patterns, buying habits]
└── Needs: [Jobs to be done, pains, gains]
Secondary Segments:
├── [Segment 2]
└── [Segment 3]从服务对象开始:
核心细分群体:
├── 人口统计: [年龄、地域、收入]
├── 心理特征: [价值观、兴趣、生活方式]
├── 行为特征: [使用模式、购买习惯]
└── 需求: [待完成任务、痛点、收益点]
次要细分群体:
├── [细分群体2]
└── [细分群体3]Step 2: Articulate Value Proposition
步骤2:明确价值主张
For each segment, define the value:
Value Proposition Canvas:
Customer Jobs Product/Service
├── Functional ├── Features
├── Social ├── Benefits
└── Emotional └── Experience
↓ ↓
Customer Pains → Pain Relievers
↓ ↓
Customer Gains → Gain Creators为每个细分群体定义价值:
价值主张画布:
客户待完成任务 产品/服务
├── 功能性 ├── 功能特性
├── 社交性 ├── 核心收益
└── 情感性 └── 使用体验
↓ ↓
客户痛点 → 痛点解决方案
↓ ↓
客户收益点 → 收益增强方案Step 3: Map Channels and Relationships
步骤3:映射渠道与客户关系
How you reach and interact with customers:
Customer Journey:
Discover → Research → Buy → Use → Advocate
│ │ │ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
Channel: SEO/Ads Website App Email Referral
Relation: Automated Self Self Auto Community你如何触达并与客户互动:
客户旅程:
发现 → 调研 → 购买 → 使用 → 推荐
│ │ │ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
渠道: SEO/广告 官网 应用 邮件 推荐
关系: 自动化服务 自助 自助 自动化 社区Step 4: Define Infrastructure
步骤4:定义基础设施
What you need to deliver:
Value Delivery Infrastructure:
Key Partners Key Activities Key Resources
├── Suppliers ├── Core operations ├── Physical
├── Distributors ├── Support ├── Intellectual
└── Allies └── Platform ├── Human
└── Financial交付价值所需的支撑体系:
价值交付基础设施:
关键合作伙伴 核心业务活动 核心资源
├── 供应商 ├── 核心运营 ├── 实物资源
├── 分销商 ├── 支持服务 ├── 知识产权
└── 盟友 └── 平台运营 ├── 人力资源
└── 财务资源Step 5: Model Economics
步骤5:建模经济可行性
Understand the financial viability:
Revenue Streams Cost Structure
├── [Stream 1]: $X/unit ├── Fixed: $Y/month
├── [Stream 2]: $X/month ├── Variable: $Z/unit
└── [Stream 3]: X% of GMV └── CAC: $W/customer
Unit Economics:
├── LTV: $[amount]
├── CAC: $[amount]
├── LTV:CAC ratio: [X]:1
└── Payback period: [months]理解财务可行性:
收入来源 成本结构
├── [来源1]: 每单位$X ├── 固定成本: 每月$Y
├── [来源2]: 每月$X ├── 可变成本: 每单位$Z
└── [来源3]: GMV的X% └── 客户获取成本: 每个客户$W
单位经济效益:
├── 客户终身价值(LTV): $[金额]
├── 客户获取成本(CAC): $[金额]
├── LTV:CAC比率: [X]:1
└── 回报周期: [月数]Output Template
输出模板
After completing analysis, document as:
markdown
undefined完成分析后,按以下格式记录:
markdown
undefinedBusiness Model Canvas
商业模式画布
Company/Product: [Name]
Date: [Date]
企业/产品: [名称]
日期: [日期]
Canvas Overview
画布概览
| Block | Summary |
|---|---|
| Customer Segments | [Key segments] |
| Value Propositions | [Core value delivered] |
| Channels | [Primary channels] |
| Customer Relationships | [Relationship types] |
| Revenue Streams | [How you make money] |
| Key Resources | [Critical assets] |
| Key Activities | [Core operations] |
| Key Partners | [Strategic partnerships] |
| Cost Structure | [Major cost drivers] |
| 模块 | 摘要 |
|---|---|
| 客户细分 | [核心细分群体] |
| 价值主张 | [核心交付价值] |
| 渠道通路 | [核心渠道] |
| 客户关系 | [关系类型] |
| 收入来源 | [盈利方式] |
| 核心资源 | [关键资产] |
| 核心业务活动 | [核心运营] |
| 关键合作伙伴 | [战略合作伙伴] |
| 成本结构 | [主要成本驱动因素] |
Detailed Analysis
详细分析
Customer Segments
客户细分
[Detailed breakdown of segments, their needs, and characteristics]
[细分群体的详细拆解、需求及特征]
Value Propositions
价值主张
[Specific value delivered to each segment, pain relievers, gain creators]
[为每个细分群体提供的具体价值、痛点解决方案、收益增强方案]
Channels
渠道通路
[Channel strategy across customer journey phases]
[覆盖客户旅程各阶段的渠道策略]
Customer Relationships
客户关系
[Relationship types per segment and their cost/value]
[各细分群体对应的关系类型及其成本/价值]
Revenue Streams
收入来源
[Revenue model details, pricing strategy, unit economics]
[收入模式细节、定价策略、单位经济效益]
Key Resources
核心资源
[Critical resources and their strategic importance]
[关键资源及其战略重要性]
Key Activities
核心业务活动
[Core activities that drive value creation]
[驱动价值创造的核心活动]
Key Partners
关键合作伙伴
[Partnership strategy and key relationships]
[合作策略及核心关系]
Cost Structure
成本结构
[Cost drivers, fixed vs variable, economies of scale/scope]
[成本驱动因素、固定vs可变成本、规模/范围经济]
Strategic Assessment
战略评估
Strengths:
- [Strength 1]
- [Strength 2]
Weaknesses:
- [Weakness 1]
- [Weakness 2]
Opportunities:
- [Opportunity 1]
- [Opportunity 2]
Risks:
- [Risk 1]
- [Risk 2]
优势:
- [优势1]
- [优势2]
劣势:
- [劣势1]
- [劣势2]
机会:
- [机会1]
- [机会2]
风险:
- [风险1]
- [风险2]
Recommendations
建议
| Priority | Action | Expected Impact |
|---|---|---|
| High | [Action] | [Impact] |
| Medium | [Action] | [Impact] |
undefined| 优先级 | 行动 | 预期影响 |
|---|---|---|
| 高 | [行动] | [影响] |
| 中 | [行动] | [影响] |
undefinedReal-World Examples
实际案例
Netflix
Netflix
| Block | Details |
|---|---|
| Segments | Streaming viewers, content enthusiasts |
| Value Prop | Unlimited on-demand content, originals, no ads |
| Channels | App, smart TVs, website, partnerships |
| Relationships | Automated personalization, self-service |
| Revenue | Monthly subscription tiers |
| Resources | Content library, recommendation AI, brand |
| Activities | Content production, platform development |
| Partners | Studios, device manufacturers, ISPs |
| Costs | Content acquisition, tech infrastructure, marketing |
| 模块 | 详情 |
|---|---|
| 客户细分 | 流媒体观众、内容爱好者 |
| 价值主张 | 无限量点播内容、原创内容、无广告 |
| 渠道通路 | 应用、智能电视、官网、合作渠道 |
| 客户关系 | 自动化个性化推荐、自助服务 |
| 收入来源 | 月度订阅分级定价 |
| 核心资源 | 内容库、推荐AI、品牌 |
| 核心业务活动 | 内容制作、平台开发 |
| 关键合作伙伴 | 影视公司、设备制造商、网络服务商 |
| 成本结构 | 内容采购、技术基础设施、营销 |
Airbnb
Airbnb
| Block | Details |
|---|---|
| Segments | Travelers (guests), property owners (hosts) |
| Value Prop | Unique stays, extra income, trust platform |
| Channels | Website, app, social, SEO |
| Relationships | Community, reviews, support |
| Revenue | Service fees (guest + host) |
| Resources | Platform, brand, user data, trust system |
| Activities | Matching, trust & safety, community |
| Partners | Payment processors, insurance, photographers |
| Costs | Platform development, trust & safety, marketing |
| 模块 | 详情 |
|---|---|
| 客户细分 | 旅行者(客人)、房产所有者(房东) |
| 价值主张 | 独特住宿体验、额外收入、信任平台 |
| 渠道通路 | 官网、应用、社交媒体、SEO |
| 客户关系 | 社区、评价体系、客户支持 |
| 收入来源 | 服务费(客人 + 房东) |
| 核心资源 | 平台、品牌、用户数据、信任系统 |
| 核心业务活动 | 供需匹配、信任与安全管理、社区运营 |
| 关键合作伙伴 | 支付服务商、保险公司、摄影师 |
| 成本结构 | 平台开发、信任与安全管理、营销 |
Best Practices
最佳实践
Do
建议做法
- Start with customer - Everything flows from customer segments
- Test assumptions - Each block contains hypotheses to validate
- Iterate frequently - Update as you learn from the market
- Check coherence - All blocks should connect logically
- Quantify where possible - Add numbers to revenue and costs
- 以客户为起点 - 所有模块都应围绕客户细分展开
- 验证假设 - 每个模块都包含需要验证的假设
- 频繁迭代 - 根据市场反馈持续更新画布
- 检查连贯性 - 所有模块应逻辑关联
- 尽可能量化 - 为收入和成本添加具体数值
Avoid
避免事项
- Inside-out thinking - Don't start with product features
- Static canvas - It's a living document, not a one-time exercise
- Ignoring competition - Understand competitor business models
- Skipping validation - Assumptions need testing with real customers
- Over-complicating - Keep it high-level and actionable
- 由内而外思考 - 不要从产品功能开始
- 静态画布 - 这是一份动态文档,而非一次性工作
- 忽视竞争对手 - 要理解竞争对手的商业模式
- 跳过验证 - 假设需要通过真实客户测试
- 过度复杂 - 保持内容简洁、可执行
Integration with Other Methods
与其他方法的整合
| Method | Combined Use |
|---|---|
| Jobs-to-be-Done | Deep dive into value proposition |
| Five Whys | Root cause analysis of model weaknesses |
| Lean Startup | Build-measure-learn cycles for validation |
| Value Proposition | Detailed value-customer fit analysis |
| Graph Thinking | Map relationships between canvas elements |
| 方法 | 组合用途 |
|---|---|
| 待完成任务理论(Jobs-to-be-Done) | 深入挖掘价值主张 |
| 五问法(Five Whys) | 分析模型弱点的根本原因 |
| 精益创业(Lean Startup) | 通过构建-测量-学习循环验证 |
| 价值主张画布 | 详细的价值-客户匹配分析 |
| 图形思维(Graph Thinking) | 映射画布元素间的关系 |