Save systems

When to use

• Use to persist progress: player stats, inventory, world flags, settings, positions — across sessions and game updates.
• Use to design save slots, quicksave/autosave, and crash-safe writes.
• Use when old save files break after a content/code change (versioning & migration).

roblox-datastores

godot-resources

unity-scriptableobjects

FileAccess

ResourceSaver

user://

Core workflow

1. Decide what state is authoritative. Save the data (hp, position, seed, unlocked flags), not engine objects or scene nodes. You will reconstruct objects from data on load — never serialize live node references.
2. Define a versioned schema. Every save embeds a

   version

   integer. This is the single most important field for a game you intend to patch.
3. Pick a format. JSON/text for readability and debuggability; a binary format for size/speed or mild tamper-resistance. Start with JSON.
4. Write atomically. Serialize to a temp file, flush, then rename over the real file. A crash leaves either the old save or the new one — never a half-written one.
5. Load defensively. Read version → migrate up to current → validate → instantiate. Keep a backup of the last good save and fall back on parse error.
6. Autosave on safe boundaries (level change, checkpoint), throttled, and to a separate slot so it can't clobber a manual save.
7. Verify: save, fully quit, relaunch, load — and confirm by inspection that state matches. Test loading a save from the previous version.

Patterns

1. Serialize state as plain data (not engine objects)

# Build a dictionary of pure data. Each savable object reports its own state.
func capture_state() -> Dictionary:
    return {
        "version": SAVE_VERSION,                 # ALWAYS stamp the schema version
        "player": { "hp": player.hp, "pos": [player.position.x, player.position.y] },
        "inventory": player.inventory.to_array(),  # ids + counts, not Item nodes
        "flags": world.flags,                    # e.g. {"met_guard": true}
        "seed": world.seed,                      # regenerate procedural content
    }

# On load, RECONSTRUCT objects from the data — do not expect live references back.
func apply_state(data: Dictionary) -> void:
    player.hp = data["player"]["hp"]
    player.position = Vector2(data["player"]["pos"][0], data["player"]["pos"][1])
    player.inventory.from_array(data["inventory"])
    world.flags = data["flags"]

2. Atomic, crash-safe write (temp + rename)

# RIGHT: write to a temp file, then atomically rename over the target.
func save_atomic(path: String, data: Dictionary) -> void:
    var tmp := path + ".tmp"
    var f := FileAccess.open(tmp, FileAccess.WRITE)
    f.store_string(JSON.stringify(data))
    f.flush()                                    # ensure bytes hit disk
    f.close()
    DirAccess.rename_absolute(tmp, path)         # replaces the target; atomic on POSIX
# WRONG: opening `path` directly and writing in place — a crash mid-write leaves a
# truncated, unloadable save and destroys the player's progress.

path + ".bak"

3. Versioned load with migration

SAVE_VERSION = 3

def load_save(raw_bytes):
    data = parse(raw_bytes)                  # JSON/binary -> dict
    v = data.get("version", 0)
    if v > SAVE_VERSION:
        raise NewerSaveError(v)              # save is from a newer build; refuse
    while v < SAVE_VERSION:                   # apply migrations in order, v -> v+1
        data = MIGRATIONS[v](data)
        v += 1
        data["version"] = v
    validate(data)                            # check required keys / ranges
    return data

# Each migration is a pure function from one version's shape to the next.
def migrate_1_to_2(d):
    d["flags"] = {k: True for k in d.pop("completed_quests", [])}  # list -> set-map
    return d
MIGRATIONS = {1: migrate_1_to_2, 2: migrate_2_to_3}

4. Save slots + throttled autosave

const SLOT_PATH := "user://save_%d.json"      # manual slots 0..N
const AUTOSAVE_PATH := "user://autosave.json"  # separate file: never clobbers a slot
var _autosave_cooldown := 0.0

func autosave_if_due(dt: float) -> void:
    _autosave_cooldown -= dt
    if _autosave_cooldown <= 0.0:
        save_atomic(AUTOSAVE_PATH, capture_state())
        _autosave_cooldown = 60.0             # throttle: at most once a minute
# Trigger an immediate autosave on checkpoints/level transitions, not mid-combat.

Pitfalls

• Serializing engine objects/node paths ties saves to scene structure; renaming a node breaks every old save. Save data, rebuild objects on load.
• No version field. The day you ship a patch, every existing save is a guessing game. Stamp

  version

  from version 1.
• In-place writes corrupt saves on crash/power loss. Always temp-write then rename; keep a

  .bak

  .
• Trusting the file blindly. Saves get truncated, hand-edited, or cloud-synced stale. Validate on load and fall back to backup on failure.
• Floats and locale. Text serializers can drop precision or use comma decimal separators in some locales. Use a locale-invariant serializer.
• Autosave clobbering manual saves, or firing mid-action and saving an inconsistent state. Use a dedicated autosave slot and save on safe boundaries.
• Storing secrets or trusting client saves in multiplayer. A local save is player-controlled; never treat it as authoritative for online state. For cloud, handle the device's data limits and conflicts (

  roblox-datastores

  ).

References

• references/versioning-and-migration.md

  — schema evolution strategies, the migration chain, backups/rollback, format trade-offs (JSON vs binary), and a load-time validation checklist.

Related skills

• roblox-datastores

  — cloud persistence, request limits, session locking.

• godot-resources

  ,

  unity-scriptableobjects

  — the data model you serialize.

• procedural-gen

  — store the seed to regenerate worlds instead of saving them.

• rpg

  ,

  survival-crafting

  ,

  visual-novel

  — genres that compose this skill.