interview-prep
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ChineseInterview preparation
采访准备
Interviews fail in the preparation, not the conversation. This skill covers pre-interview research, question design, logistics, and follow-up.
采访失败往往源于准备不足，而非对话过程本身。本指南涵盖采访前研究、问题设计、后勤安排及后续跟进等内容。
When to use
适用场景
- Preparing to interview a source
- Developing question frameworks for recurring interview types
- Managing interview logistics and consent
- Planning follow-up after initial interviews
- Training new reporters on interview technique
- 准备采访消息源时
- 为重复类型的采访设计问题框架时
- 管理采访后勤与同意授权事宜时
- 规划初次采访后的后续跟进时
- 培训新记者采访技巧时
Pre-interview research checklist
采访前研究清单
Background research
背景研究
markdown
undefinedmarkdown
undefinedSource background check
消息源背景调查
Public records
公共记录
- Professional licenses verified
- Court records checked (civil/criminal)
- Business registrations confirmed
- Property records (if relevant)
- Campaign finance (if political figure)
- SEC filings (if corporate)
- 已核实专业执照
- 已查阅法庭记录（民事/刑事）
- 已确认商业注册信息
- 已查阅房产记录（如相关）
- 已查阅竞选财务记录（如采访政治人物）
- 已查阅SEC备案文件（如采访企业人士）
Professional background
职业背景
- LinkedIn profile reviewed
- Current employer confirmed
- Previous employers noted
- Published work reviewed
- Conference appearances checked
- Professional associations
- 已浏览LinkedIn资料
- 已确认当前雇主
- 已记录过往雇主
- 已审阅发表作品
- 已核实会议出席情况
- 已查阅所属专业协会
Social media audit
社交媒体审核
- All platforms identified (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc.)
- Post history reviewed
- Connections/followers analyzed
- Previous statements on topic found
- Any deleted content recovered?
- 已识别所有平台（Twitter、Facebook、Instagram等）
- 已浏览发布历史
- 已分析人脉/关注者情况
- 已找到过往相关话题的表态
- 是否恢复到已删除内容？
Media appearances
媒体出镜记录
- Previous interviews found
- Statements consistent with current position?
- Other journalists' assessments
- Any retractions or corrections involving them?
undefined- 已找到过往采访记录
- 过往表态与当前立场是否一致？
- 已参考其他记者的评价
- 是否涉及任何撤回或更正内容？
undefinedContext research
背景信息研究
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undefinedmarkdown
undefinedTopic preparation
主题准备
Essential knowledge
核心知识
- Key facts about the topic confirmed
- Timeline of events established
- Other stakeholders identified
- Conflicting accounts noted
- Documents/data reviewed
- 已确认主题相关关键事实
- 已梳理事件时间线
- 已识别其他利益相关方
- 已记录矛盾说法
- 已审阅相关文档/数据
What to know before you dial
拨号前须知
- How do they fit into the story?
- What do I NEED from this interview?
- What might they be reluctant to discuss?
- What have they said publicly before?
undefined- 他们在报道中扮演什么角色？
- 我需要从这次采访中获取什么核心信息？
- 他们可能不愿讨论哪些内容？
- 他们此前公开场合有过什么表态？
undefinedQuestion framework
问题框架
The essential questions
核心问题
Every interview should be built to answer:
- What happened? (Facts)
- Why did it happen? (Causes)
- What did you do/decide/see? (Actions)
- What does it mean? (Significance)
- What's next? (Implications)
每一次采访都应围绕以下问题展开：
- 发生了什么？（事实层面）
- 为什么会发生？（原因层面）
- 你做了什么/决定了什么/看到了什么？（行动层面）
- 这意味着什么？（意义层面）
- 接下来会怎样？（影响层面）
Question types
问题类型
| Type | Purpose | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Open-ended | Get the full story | "Walk me through what happened that day." |
| Clarifying | Pin down details | "When you say 'soon after,' do you mean minutes or hours?" |
| Probing | Go deeper | "Why do you think that happened?" |
| Follow-up | Catch inconsistencies | "Earlier you said X, but now you mentioned Y. Help me understand." |
| Confrontational | Challenge statements | "Documents show [fact]. How do you respond?" |
| Closing | Ensure completeness | "Is there anything I didn't ask that you think I should know?" |
| 类型 | 目的 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 开放式问题 | 获取完整事件经过 | "请带我回顾当天发生的事情。" |
| 澄清式问题 | 明确细节 | "你说‘不久之后’，指的是几分钟还是几小时？" |
| 深挖式问题 | 深入探究 | "你认为为什么会发生这种情况？" |
| 跟进式问题 | 发现矛盾 | "你之前说X，但现在提到了Y。请帮我理解其中的差异。" |
| 质询式问题 | 挑战表态 | "文件显示[事实]。你对此作何回应？" |
| 收尾式问题 | 确保内容完整 | "有没有什么我没问到但你认为我应该了解的内容？" |
Question templates by interview type
按采访类型分类的问题模板
Profile interview:
markdown
1. Background: "Tell me about where you grew up / how you got started."
2. Turning point: "When did you realize [X] was your path?"
3. Challenge: "What was the hardest moment in [period]?"
4. Values: "What principle guides your work?"
5. Future: "What are you working on next?"Investigative interview:
markdown
1. Establish rapport: Non-threatening background questions first
2. Timeline: "Walk me through [event] from the beginning."
3. Details: "Who else was there? What did you see/hear?"
4. Documentation: "Do you have any records of this?"
5. Corroboration: "Who else can confirm this?"
6. Response: "What did [other party] say when you raised this?"Expert/explainer interview:
markdown
1. Credentials: "What's your expertise in this area?"
2. Plain language: "Explain [concept] as if I'm not a specialist."
3. Context: "How common/unusual is [situation]?"
4. Significance: "Why does this matter?"
5. Sources: "Where can I learn more? Who else should I talk to?"Victim/sensitive interview:
markdown
1. Control: "Take your time. You can stop at any point."
2. Open: "Tell me what you're comfortable sharing."
3. Specific: "Can you describe [specific detail]?"
4. Impact: "How has this affected you?"
5. Agency: "What do you want people to understand?"
6. Check-in: "Are you okay to continue?"人物专访：
markdown
1. 背景："请讲讲你的成长经历/入行契机。"
2. 转折点："你什么时候意识到[X]是你的职业方向？"
3. 挑战："[某阶段]你遇到的最艰难时刻是什么？"
4. 价值观："什么原则指引着你的工作？"
5. 未来："你接下来在做什么项目？"调查性采访：
markdown
1. 建立信任：先问无威胁性的背景问题
2. 时间线："请从头到尾讲讲[事件]的经过。"
3. 细节："当时还有谁在场？你看到/听到了什么？"
4. 文档："你有相关记录吗？"
5. 佐证："还有谁能证实这件事？"
6. 回应："你提出这个问题时，[另一方]的反应是什么？"专家/解读性采访：
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1. 资质："你在该领域的专业背景是什么？"
2. 通俗解释："请用非专业人士能听懂的话解释[概念]。"
3. 背景："[情况]的常见程度如何？"
4. 意义："这件事为什么重要？"
5. 资料来源："我可以从哪里了解更多？还应该采访谁？"受害者/敏感话题采访：
markdown
1. 控制权："慢慢来，你可以随时停止。"
2. 开放式引导："请分享你愿意透露的内容。"
3. 具体细节："你能描述一下[具体细节]吗？"
4. 影响："这件事对你有什么影响？"
5. 话语权："你希望人们了解什么？"
6. 状态确认："你可以继续吗？"Recording and consent
录音与同意授权
Recording laws by state type
各州录音法规类型
One-party consent states: You can record without telling the other person (but you should tell them anyway for ethical reasons).
Two-party/all-party consent states: All parties must consent. These include: California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Washington.
Always do:
- State clearly at the start: "I'm recording this interview. Is that okay?"
- Get affirmative consent on the recording itself
- Note the consent in your notes
单方同意州： 无需告知对方即可录音（但出于伦理考虑，仍应告知对方）。
双方/多方同意州： 所有参与方必须同意。这些州包括：加利福尼亚州、康涅狄格州、佛罗里达州、伊利诺伊州、马里兰州、马萨诸塞州、密歇根州、蒙大拿州、内华达州、新罕布什尔州、宾夕法尼亚州、华盛顿州。
必须遵守的准则：
- 采访开始时明确说明："我正在录制这次采访，可以吗？"
- 在录音中获取明确的同意答复
- 在笔记中记录同意情况
Consent template
同意授权模板
markdown
undefinedmarkdown
undefinedRecording consent
录音同意书
Date: [date]
Interviewer: [your name]
Subject: [their name]
Medium: [phone/video/in-person]
[At start of recording:]
"This is [your name] with [publication], interviewing [their name] on [date].
I'm recording this conversation. Do I have your permission to record?"
[Their response: yes/no]
"And you understand this may be used for publication?"
[Their response: yes/no]
undefined日期：[日期]
采访者：[你的姓名]
受访者：[他们的姓名]
媒介：[电话/视频/面对面]
[录音开始时：]
"我是[你的姓名]，来自[媒体机构]，正在于[日期]采访[受访者姓名]。
我正在录制这次对话。请问我可以录音吗？"
[受访者答复：是/否]
"你是否了解本次录音可能会用于发布？"
[受访者答复：是/否]
undefinedAttribution guidelines
归因指南
On the record (default)
公开记录（默认）
- Everything can be published with full name and title
- This is the standard expectation unless otherwise agreed
- 所有内容均可发布，并标注全名和职位
- 除非另有约定，这是标准默认规则
On background
背景记录
- Information can be used, but source not identified by name
- Agree on description: "a senior official," "someone familiar with the matter"
- Confirm exact wording before interview ends
- 信息可以使用，但不透露消息源姓名
- 需约定描述方式："一位高级官员"、"知情人士"
- 采访结束前确认确切表述
Deep background
深度背景记录
- Information can guide reporting but cannot be attributed at all
- Verify independently before publishing
- Rarely appropriate—push for at least background
- 信息仅用于记者了解情况，不可进行任何归因
- 发布前需独立核实
- 应尽量避免，争取至少使用背景记录方式
Off the record
非公开记录
- Information is for your knowledge only
- Cannot be published or used to seek confirmation elsewhere
- Agree to this BEFORE they share information, not after
- If they say something on the record then try to take it off, you can refuse
- 信息仅用于记者个人了解，不可发布或用于寻求其他方确认
- 必须在对方分享信息之前达成约定，而非之后
- 如果对方先以公开记录方式发言，之后又要求转为非公开，你可以拒绝
Clarifying attribution
明确归因方式
markdown
Before starting:
"Just to be clear on attribution—are we on the record?"
If they request otherwise:
"I'd prefer on the record. What concerns you about that?"
If they insist:
"Okay, we'll go on background. What description can I use?"
Document it:
"So I can refer to you as [agreed description]—is that right?"markdown
采访开始前：
"明确一下归因方式——我们是按公开记录规则进行吗？"
如果对方要求其他方式：
"我更倾向于公开记录。你对此有什么顾虑吗？"
如果对方坚持：
"好的，我们按背景记录规则进行。我可以使用什么描述方式？"
记录约定：
"所以我可以称你为[约定的描述]——对吗？"Interview logistics
采访后勤安排
Scheduling template
预约模板
markdown
undefinedmarkdown
undefinedInterview request
采访请求
To: [source name]
Subject: Interview request - [topic] - [publication]
[Name],
I'm a [title] at [publication] working on a story about [brief, honest description].
I'd like to speak with you because [why they're relevant]. The interview would take approximately [realistic time estimate].
Are you available [specific days/times]? I can do phone, video, or in-person—whatever works best for you.
Please let me know if you have questions about the story.
[Your name]
[Contact info]
undefined收件人：[消息源姓名]
主题：采访请求 - [话题] - [媒体机构]
[姓名]：
您好，我是[媒体机构]的[职位]，正在做一篇关于[简洁、真实的报道主题描述]的报道。
我希望能采访您，因为[说明对方的相关性]。采访预计需要[真实的时间预估]。
您在[具体日期/时间]有空吗？我可以安排电话、视频或面对面采访，以您方便的方式为准。
如果您对报道有任何疑问，请随时告知。
[你的姓名]
[联系方式]
undefinedPre-interview checklist
采访前检查清单
markdown
undefinedmarkdown
undefinedDay-of checklist
当日检查清单
Equipment
设备
- Primary recorder charged/working
- Backup recorder ready
- Notebook and pens
- Printed questions/documents
- Business cards
- 主录音设备已充电/可正常使用
- 备用录音设备已准备就绪
- 笔记本和笔
- 已打印问题/文档
- 名片
Logistics
后勤
- Location confirmed
- Contact's phone number for day-of
- Tested video/phone connection
- Quiet space secured
- 已确认采访地点
- 已获取受访者当日联系电话
- 已测试视频/电话连接
- 已确保采访空间安静
Preparation
准备工作
- Questions reviewed and prioritized
- Documents to reference ready
- Timeline of facts clear in mind
- Backup questions if interview goes short
undefined- 已审阅并排序问题
- 已准备好参考文档
- 已理清事实时间线
- 已准备备用问题以防采访时长不足
undefinedDuring the interview
采访进行中
Opening
开场
- Small talk to build rapport (brief)
- Confirm time available
- State recording and get consent
- Start with easy, open questions
- 简短寒暄以建立信任
- 确认可用时长
- 说明录音情况并获取同意
- 从简单的开放式问题开始
Active listening
积极倾听
- Let them finish sentences
- Use silence—don't fill every pause
- Take notes even if recording
- Note non-verbal cues separately
- 让对方把话说完
- 学会使用沉默——不要填补每一个停顿
- 即使录音也要做笔记
- 单独记录非语言线索
Real-time verification
实时核实
- Ask for specifics: dates, names, locations
- Request documentation during interview
- Ask "How do you know that?"
- Note inconsistencies for follow-up
- 询问具体细节：日期、姓名、地点
- 采访中就索要相关文档
- 提问“你怎么知道的？”
- 记录矛盾点以便后续跟进
Closing
收尾
- "Is there anything I didn't ask that I should have?"
- "Who else should I talk to?"
- "Can I follow up if I have more questions?"
- Thank them for their time
- “有没有什么我没问到但你认为我应该了解的内容？”
- “我还应该采访谁？”
- “如果我有更多问题，可以后续跟进吗？”
- 感谢对方抽出时间
Follow-up protocols
后续跟进准则
Immediate (same day)
即时（当日）
- Back up recording
- Transcribe key quotes while fresh
- Note observations not on recording
- Send thank-you if appropriate
- 备份录音文件
- 趁记忆清晰转录关键引语
- 记录录音中未体现的观察结果
- 如有需要发送感谢信
Within 48 hours
48小时内
- Full transcription or detailed notes
- Fact-check claims against available records
- Identify gaps requiring follow-up
- Add source to contacts database
- 完成完整转录或详细笔记
- 对照现有记录核实对方说法
- 识别需要后续跟进的信息缺口
- 将消息源添加到联系人数据库
Before publication
发布前
- Verify quotes are accurate
- Confirm attribution terms
- Offer to read back quotes if promised
- Give chance to respond to characterizations (if newsworthy)
- 核实引语准确性
- 确认归因条款
- 如承诺过，提供引语回读机会
- 如涉及有新闻价值的内容，给予对方回应机会
Difficult situations
突发情况处理
They want to go off the record mid-interview
采访中途要求转为非公开
"Before I agree to that, let me hear what you want to tell me, and then we can discuss how to handle it."
“在我同意之前，请先告诉我你要分享的内容，然后我们再讨论如何处理。”
They refuse to answer
对方拒绝回答
"I understand you can't discuss that. Can you point me to someone who can?"
“我理解你无法讨论这个问题。你能告诉我谁可以解答吗？”
They're hostile
对方态度敌对
Stay calm. Keep questions factual. "I'm just trying to understand what happened."
保持冷静。提问保持事实性。“我只是想了解发生了什么。”
They're crying/emotional
对方哭泣/情绪激动
Pause. "Take your time. We can stop whenever you need."
暂停采访。“慢慢来，你可以随时停止。”
They lie
对方撒谎
Don't accuse. Present contradicting evidence: "Documents show [X]. Can you help me understand the discrepancy?"
Good interviews require good preparation. The conversation is the easy part.
不要直接指责。出示矛盾证据：“文件显示[事实]。你能帮我理解其中的差异吗？”
好的采访源于充分的准备。对话环节其实是最简单的部分。