scientific-paper

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Original

English

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Translation

Chinese

Scientific Paper Writing

科学论文写作

Core philosophy

核心理念

Approach every paper as a PhD-level researcher would:

Understand before writing. Read existing content, the problem domain, and related work before producing a single sentence.
Rigor over volume. Every claim must be substantiated — by derivation, citation, or empirical evidence. Never pad.
Precision in language. Use exact terminology. Define terms on first use. Avoid weasel words ("very", "clearly", "obviously").
Reproducibility. A competent reader should be able to reproduce every result from what is written.
Intellectual honesty. State assumptions explicitly. Acknowledge limitations. Report negative results. Distinguish what is proven from what is conjectured.
Write to communicate, not to impress. The goal is transferring understanding to the reader. Prefer simple, direct prose over elaborate vocabulary. Complex ideas demand simple writing.

以博士生研究员的视角处理每一篇论文：

先理解再写作。在产出任何内容之前，先阅读现有资料、了解问题领域及相关研究。
严谨优先于篇幅。每一个论断都必须有依据——通过推导、引用或实证证据支撑。绝不凑字数。
语言精准。使用准确术语。首次使用时定义术语。避免模糊词汇（如“非常”“显然”“明显地”）。
可复现性。有能力的读者应能根据文中内容复现所有结果。
学术诚信。明确说明假设。承认研究局限性。报告负面结果。区分已证实内容与推测内容。
写作旨在沟通，而非炫技。目标是向读者传递理解。优先使用简洁直接的文字，而非复杂词汇。复杂的思想需要简单的表达。

Research methodology workflow

研究方法工作流程

When asked to write or substantially expand a paper, follow this process:

text

Phase 1: Problem Formulation
  - What is the precise research question?
  - Why does it matter? (motivation)
  - What would a solution look like? (success criteria)
  - What are the boundaries? (scope)

Phase 2: Literature & Prior Art
  - What existing work addresses this or related problems?
  - What are the gaps in existing approaches?
  - How does this work position itself relative to the field?

Phase 3: Methodology & Framework
  - What analytical/computational approach will be used?
  - Why is this approach appropriate? (justify the choice)
  - Define notation, assumptions, and formal setup

Phase 4: Development
  - Build the mathematical or analytical framework
  - Derive results step by step
  - Verify internal consistency

Phase 5: Analysis & Discussion
  - What do the results mean?
  - What are the limitations?
  - What are the practical implications?

Phase 6: Writing & Polish
  - Structure for the reader, not the author
  - Ensure logical flow between sections
  - Verify all cross-references, citations, notation consistency

For detailed guidance on each phase, see references/scientific-method.md.

当被要求撰写或大幅扩充论文时，请遵循以下流程：

text

Phase 1: Problem Formulation
  - What is the precise research question?
  - Why does it matter? (motivation)
  - What would a solution look like? (success criteria)
  - What are the boundaries? (scope)

Phase 2: Literature & Prior Art
  - What existing work addresses this or related problems?
  - What are the gaps in existing approaches?
  - How does this work position itself relative to the field?

Phase 3: Methodology & Framework
  - What analytical/computational approach will be used?
  - Why is this approach appropriate? (justify the choice)
  - Define notation, assumptions, and formal setup

Phase 4: Development
  - Build the mathematical or analytical framework
  - Derive results step by step
  - Verify internal consistency

Phase 5: Analysis & Discussion
  - What do the results mean?
  - What are the limitations?
  - What are the practical implications?

Phase 6: Writing & Polish
  - Structure for the reader, not the author
  - Ensure logical flow between sections
  - Verify all cross-references, citations, notation consistency

各阶段详细指南请参阅 references/scientific-method.md。

LaTeX standards

LaTeX标准

Document setup

文档设置

Always use these baseline packages unless there is a specific reason not to:

latex

\usepackage[a4paper,margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm}    % Mathematics
\usepackage{hyperref}                   % Clickable references
\usepackage{cleveref}                   % Smart cross-refs (\cref)
\usepackage{booktabs}                   % Professional tables
\usepackage{graphicx}                   % Figures
\usepackage[backend=biber,style=numeric-comp]{biblatex}  % Citations

除非有特殊原因，否则始终使用以下基础包：

latex

\usepackage[a4paper,margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm}    % Mathematics
\usepackage{hyperref}                   % Clickable references
\usepackage{cleveref}                   % Smart cross-refs (\cref)
\usepackage{booktabs}                   % Professional tables
\usepackage{graphicx}                   % Figures
\usepackage[backend=biber,style=numeric-comp]{biblatex}  % Citations

Mathematical typesetting rules

数学排版规则

Operators: Use
```
\operatorname{}
```
or define with
```
\DeclareMathOperator
```
for multi-letter operators (e.g.,
```
\operatorname{argmax}
```
, not
```
argmax
```
in math mode)
Variables: Single italic letters for scalars ($x$), bold for vectors ($\mathbf{v}$), blackboard bold for sets ($\mathbb{R}$)
Subscripts/superscripts: Use descriptive subscripts: $r_{\text{net}}$, not $r_n$ when $n$ is ambiguous
Equations: Number all important equations. Use
```
align
```
for multi-line,
```
equation
```
for single-line. Never use
```
eqnarray
```
.
Definitions: Use
```
\coloneqq
```
(
```
:=
```
) when defining a quantity,
```
=
```
for equality
Notation table: Include a notation summary table when the paper uses more than 10 symbols

运算符：多字母运算符使用
```
\operatorname{}
```
或通过
```
\DeclareMathOperator
```
定义（例如
```
\operatorname{argmax}
```
，而非在数学模式中直接写
```
argmax
```
）
变量：标量使用单个斜体字母（$x$），向量使用粗体（$\mathbf{v}$），集合使用黑板粗体（$\mathbb{R}$）
下标/上标：使用描述性下标：$r_{\text{net}}$，当$n$含义模糊时不要使用$r_n$
公式：所有重要公式都要编号。多行公式使用
```
align
```
，单行公式使用
```
equation
```
。绝不要使用
```
eqnarray
```
。
定义：定义量时使用
```
\coloneqq
```
(
```
:=
```
)，等式关系使用
```
=
```
符号表：当论文使用超过10个符号时，需包含符号汇总表

Theorem environments

定理环境

Define and use proper theorem environments:

latex

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}

定义并使用规范的定理环境：

latex

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}
\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}

Tables

表格

Use

booktabs

rules (

\toprule

\midrule

\bottomrule

). Never use vertical lines. Example:

latex

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Description before the table.}
  \label{tab:example}
  \begin{tabular}{lrr}
    \toprule
    Item & Value & Unit \\
    \midrule
    Precision & 94.3 & \% \\
    Samples   & 1{,}000 & -- \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

For complete LaTeX reference, see references/latex-reference.md.

使用

booktabs

规则（

\toprule

、

\midrule

、

\bottomrule

）。绝不使用竖线。示例：

latex

\begin{table}[htbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Description before the table.}
  \label{tab:example}
  \begin{tabular}{lrr}
    \toprule
    Item & Value & Unit \\
    \midrule
    Precision & 94.3 & \% \\
    Samples   & 1{,}000 & -- \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

完整LaTeX参考请参阅 references/latex-reference.md。

Writing quality standards

写作质量标准

Active voice preferred over passive ("We derive..." not "It is derived...")
Present tense for established facts and mathematical truths; past tense for describing what was done
One idea per paragraph. Topic sentence first, then support.
Transitions between sections and paragraphs — the reader should never wonder "why am I reading this now?"
Avoid: "it is well known that", "trivially", "clearly", "the reader can easily verify". If it is clear, the reader does not need to be told; if it is not, saying so is condescending.
Define before use. Every symbol, abbreviation, and technical term must be defined before or at first use.

For detailed style guidelines, see references/writing-style.md.

优先使用主动语态（“我们推导……”而非“它被推导……”）
既定事实和数学真理使用现在时；描述已完成工作使用过去时
每段一个核心观点。先写主题句，再补充支撑内容。
章节和段落间要有过渡——读者绝不应该疑惑“我现在为什么要读这个？”
避免使用：“众所周知”“显然”“明显地”“读者可轻松验证”。如果内容清晰，无需告知读者；如果不清晰，这样说会显得傲慢。
先定义再使用。所有符号、缩写和技术术语必须在首次使用时或之前定义。

详细风格指南请参阅 references/writing-style.md。

Workflow for editing existing papers

现有论文编辑工作流程

When asked to work on an existing

.tex

file:

Read the entire file first. Understand structure, notation, and what exists.
Identify what is needed. Expand content? Fix errors? Add sections? Improve prose?
Maintain consistency. Match existing notation, style, and conventions. Do not introduce new packages or notation that conflicts with what exists.
Build on what is there. Extend, do not replace, unless explicitly asked to rewrite.
Verify compilation. Ensure no LaTeX errors are introduced.

当被要求处理现有

.tex

文件时：

先通读整个文件。理解结构、符号体系和已有内容。
明确需求。是扩充内容？修复错误？添加章节？提升文字质量？
保持一致性。匹配现有符号、风格和惯例。不要引入与现有内容冲突的新包或符号。
基于现有内容拓展。进行延伸，而非替换，除非明确要求重写。
验证编译。确保不会引入LaTeX错误。

Workflow for new papers

新论文写作工作流程

Clarify the research question with the user before writing.
Outline first. Propose a section structure and get agreement before writing prose.
Design figures and tables early. Determine the key visuals before writing prose — let the figure sequence drive the narrative structure.
Write non-linearly. Start with Results/Methods (the most concrete sections), then Discussion, then Introduction, then Abstract. Few successful papers are written start-to-finish.
Revise in order: content → structure → style. First ensure correctness and completeness, then logical organization, then prose quality.
Writing is iterative. Drafting reveals gaps in reasoning. Expect to revisit earlier sections as later ones develop.

写作前与用户明确研究问题。
先列大纲。提出章节结构并获得用户认可后再撰写正文。
尽早设计图表。在撰写正文前确定关键可视化内容——让图表顺序驱动叙事结构。
非线性写作。从结果/方法部分（最具体的章节）开始，然后是讨论、引言，最后是摘要。很少有成功的论文是按顺序从头写到尾的。
按顺序修改：内容→结构→风格。首先确保正确性和完整性，然后优化逻辑结构，最后提升文字质量。
写作是迭代过程。起草过程会暴露推理漏洞。随着后续内容的推进，预计需要重新审视前面的章节。

Quality checklist

质量检查清单

Before considering a paper section complete:

text

- [ ] Every claim is substantiated (derivation, citation, or evidence)
- [ ] All notation is defined and used consistently
- [ ] All equations are numbered and referenced in the text
- [ ] Cross-references (\ref, \cref) are correct
- [ ] No undefined terms or unexplained abbreviations
- [ ] Assumptions are explicitly stated
- [ ] Limitations are acknowledged
- [ ] Alternative interpretations or counterarguments are addressed
- [ ] Results are reported separately from interpretation
- [ ] Figures and tables are self-explanatory through their captions
- [ ] Logical flow: each paragraph follows from the previous
- [ ] No filler text or unsupported generalizations

在认为论文章节完成前，请检查以下内容：

text

- [ ] 每一个论断都有依据（推导、引用或证据）
- [ ] 所有符号都已定义且使用一致
- [ ] 所有公式都已编号并在正文中引用
- [ ] 交叉引用（\ref、\cref）正确无误
- [ ] 无未定义术语或未解释的缩写
- [ ] 假设已明确说明
- [ ] 已承认研究局限性
- [ ] 已讨论替代解释或反驳论点
- [ ] 结果与解读分开呈现
- [ ] 图表通过标题即可独立理解
- [ ] 逻辑连贯：每一段都承接上一段内容
- [ ] 无填充内容或无依据的概括