direnv

Original：🇺🇸 English

Translated

Guide for using direnv - a shell extension for loading directory-specific environment variables. Use when setting up project environments, creating .envrc files, configuring per-project environment variables, integrating with Python/Node/Ruby/Go layouts, working with Nix flakes, or troubleshooting environment loading issues on macOS and Linux.

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Sourcejulianobarbosa/claude-code-skills

Added on2026-02-21

NPX Install

npx skill4agent add julianobarbosa/claude-code-skills direnv

SKILL.md Content

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direnv Skill

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for working with direnv, covering installation, configuration, stdlib functions, and best practices for per-project environment management.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

Installing and configuring direnv on macOS or Linux
Creating or modifying
```
.envrc
```
files for projects
Setting up per-project environment variables
Configuring language-specific layouts (Python, Node.js, Ruby, Go, Perl)
Integrating direnv with Nix or Nix Flakes
Managing secrets and environment configuration for teams
Troubleshooting environment loading issues
Creating custom direnv extensions

Core Concepts

What is direnv?

direnv is a shell extension that loads and unloads environment variables based on the current directory. When you

cd

into a directory with a

.envrc

file, direnv automatically loads the environment. When you leave, it unloads the changes.

Security Model

direnv uses an allowlist-based security approach:

New or modified
```
.envrc
```
files must be explicitly allowed with
```
direnv allow
```
Prevents automatic execution of untrusted scripts
Use
```
direnv deny
```
to revoke access

How It Works

Shell hook intercepts directory changes
Checks for
```
.envrc
```
file in current or parent directories
If allowed, executes
```
.envrc
```
in a bash subshell
Captures exported variables and applies them to current shell

Installation

macOS (Homebrew - Recommended)

bash

brew install direnv

Linux

bash

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install direnv

# Fedora
sudo dnf install direnv

# Arch
sudo pacman -S direnv

# Binary installer (any system)
curl -sfL https://direnv.net/install.sh | bash

Verify Installation

bash

direnv version

Shell Configuration

Add the hook to your shell's config file. This is required for direnv to function.

Zsh (~/.zshrc)

bash

eval "$(direnv hook zsh)"

With Oh My Zsh:

bash

plugins=(... direnv)

Bash (~/.bashrc)

bash

eval "$(direnv hook bash)"

Important: Place after rvm, git-prompt, and other prompt-modifying extensions.

Fish (~/.config/fish/config.fish)

fish

direnv hook fish | source

After Configuration

Restart your shell:

bash

exec $SHELL

.envrc File Basics

Creating an .envrc

bash

# In your project directory
touch .envrc

# Edit with your preferred editor
vim .envrc

Basic Syntax

bash

# Export environment variables
export NODE_ENV=development
export API_URL=http://localhost:3000
export DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/myapp

# The export keyword is required for direnv to capture variables

Allowing the .envrc

bash

# Allow current directory
direnv allow

# Allow specific path
direnv allow /path/to/project

# Deny/revoke access
direnv deny

Standard Library Functions

direnv includes a powerful stdlib. Always prefer stdlib functions over manual exports.

PATH Management

bash

# Prepend to PATH (safer than manual export)
PATH_add bin
PATH_add node_modules/.bin
PATH_add scripts

# Add to arbitrary path-like variable
path_add PYTHONPATH lib
path_add LD_LIBRARY_PATH /opt/lib

# Remove from PATH
PATH_rm "*/.git/bin"

Environment File Loading

bash

# Load .env file (current directory)
dotenv

# Load specific file
dotenv .env.local

# Load only if exists (no error)
dotenv_if_exists .env.local
dotenv_if_exists .env.${USER}

# Source another .envrc
source_env ../.envrc
source_env /path/to/.envrc

# Search upward and source parent .envrc
source_up

# Source if exists
source_env_if_exists .envrc.local

Language Layouts

Node.js:

bash

# Adds node_modules/.bin to PATH
layout node

Python:

bash

# Creates virtualenv in .direnv/python-X.X/
layout python

# Use specific Python version
layout python python3.11

# Shortcut for Python 3
layout python3

# Use Pipenv (reads from Pipfile)
layout pipenv

Ruby:

bash

# Sets GEM_HOME to project directory
layout ruby

Go:

bash

# Modifies GOPATH and adds bin to PATH
layout go

Perl:

bash

# Configures local::lib environment
layout perl

Nix Integration

bash

# Load nix-shell environment
use nix

# With specific file
use nix shell.nix

# Load from Nix flake
use flake

# Load specific flake
use flake "nixpkgs#hello"
use flake ".#devShell"

For better Nix Flakes support, install nix-direnv:

bash

# Provides faster, cached use_flake implementation
# https://github.com/nix-community/nix-direnv

Version Managers

bash

# rbenv
use rbenv

# Node.js (with fuzzy version matching)
use node 18
use node 18.17.0

# Reads from .nvmrc if version not specified
use node

# Julia
use julia 1.9

Validation

bash

# Require environment variables (errors if missing)
env_vars_required API_KEY DATABASE_URL SECRET_KEY

# Enforce minimum direnv version
direnv_version 2.32.0

# Check git branch
if on_git_branch main; then
  export DEPLOY_ENV=production
fi
if on_git_branch develop; then
  export DEPLOY_ENV=staging
fi

File Watching

bash

# Reload when files change
watch_file package.json
watch_file requirements.txt
watch_file .tool-versions
watch_file config/*.yaml

# Watch entire directory
watch_dir config
watch_dir migrations

Utility Functions

bash

# Check if command exists
if has docker; then
  export DOCKER_HOST=unix:///var/run/docker.sock
fi

# Expand relative path to absolute
expand_path ./bin

# Find file searching upward
find_up package.json

# Enable strict mode (exit on errors)
strict_env

# Load prefix (configures CPATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, etc.)
load_prefix /usr/local/custom

# Load remote script with integrity verification
source_url https://example.com/script.sh "sha256-HASH..."

Best Practices

Recommended .envrc Template

bash

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# .envrc - Project environment configuration

# Enforce direnv version for team consistency
direnv_version 2.32.0

# Load .env if exists
dotenv_if_exists

# Load local overrides (not committed to git)
source_env_if_exists .envrc.local

# Language-specific layout
layout node  # or: layout python3

# Add project bin directories
PATH_add bin
PATH_add scripts

# Development defaults
export NODE_ENV="${NODE_ENV:-development}"
export LOG_LEVEL="${LOG_LEVEL:-debug}"

# Watch for dependency changes
watch_file package.json
watch_file .nvmrc

Git Configuration

.gitignore:

gitignore

# Environment files with secrets
.env
.env.local
.envrc.local

# direnv virtualenv/cache
.direnv/

Commit to repository:

```
.envrc
```
(base configuration, no secrets)
```
.env.example
```
(template for team members)

Secrets Management

Never commit secrets. Use environment variable fallbacks:

bash

# .envrc (committed)
export DATABASE_URL="${DATABASE_URL:-postgres://localhost/dev}"
export API_KEY="${API_KEY:-}"

# Validate required secrets
env_vars_required API_KEY

# .envrc.local (gitignored)
export DATABASE_URL="postgres://user:secret@prod/app"
export API_KEY="actual-secret-key"

Layered Configuration

bash

# ~/projects/.envrc (global dev settings)
export EDITOR=vim

# ~/projects/api/.envrc
source_up
export API_PORT=3000

# ~/projects/api/feature/.envrc
source_up
export FEATURE_FLAG=true

Project Structure

my-project/
├── .envrc           # Base environment (committed)
├── .envrc.local     # Local overrides (gitignored)
├── .env             # Environment variables (gitignored)
├── .env.example     # Template for team (committed)
└── .direnv/         # direnv cache (gitignored)

Custom Extensions

Create

~/.config/direnv/direnvrc

for custom functions:

bash

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# ~/.config/direnv/direnvrc

# Custom function: Use specific Kubernetes context
use_kubernetes() {
  local context="${1:-default}"
  export KUBECONFIG="${HOME}/.kube/config"
  kubectl config use-context "$context" >/dev/null 2>&1
  log_status "kubernetes context: $context"
}

# Custom function: Load from AWS Secrets Manager
use_aws_secrets() {
  local secret_name="$1"
  local region="${2:-us-east-1}"
  eval "$(aws secretsmanager get-secret-value \
    --secret-id "$secret_name" \
    --region "$region" \
    --query SecretString \
    --output text | jq -r 'to_entries | .[] | "export \(.key)=\"\(.value)\""')"
  log_status "loaded secrets from: $secret_name"
}

# Custom function: Use asdf versions from .tool-versions
use_asdf() {
  watch_file .tool-versions
  source_env "$(asdf direnv local)"
}

Usage in

.envrc

bash

use kubernetes dev-cluster
use aws_secrets myapp/dev
use asdf

Commands Reference

Command	Description
`direnv allow`	Allow the current .envrc
`direnv deny`	Revoke .envrc access
`direnv reload`	Force reload environment
`direnv status`	Show current status
`direnv dump`	Dump current environment
`direnv edit`	Open .envrc in editor
`direnv version`	Show direnv version

Troubleshooting

Environment Not Loading

bash

# Check status
direnv status

# Force reload
direnv reload

# Re-allow .envrc
direnv allow

# Check if hook is installed
echo $DIRENV_DIR

Shell Hook Issues

Verify hook is in shell config file
Ensure it's at the END of the file
Restart shell completely:
```
exec $SHELL
```
Check for errors:
```
direnv hook zsh
```

Performance Issues

bash

# Show what's being evaluated
direnv show_dump

# For Nix, use nix-direnv for caching
# https://github.com/nix-community/nix-direnv

Debugging

bash

# Verbose output
export DIRENV_LOG_FORMAT='%s'

# Show exported variables
direnv dump | jq

# Test .envrc syntax
bash -n .envrc

IDE Integration

VS Code

Install direnv extension for automatic environment loading in integrated terminal.

JetBrains

Install direnv integration plugin.

Neovim

Use direnv.vim or configure with lua.

Common Patterns

Development vs Production

bash

# .envrc
export NODE_ENV="${NODE_ENV:-development}"

if [[ "$NODE_ENV" == "development" ]]; then
  export DEBUG=true
  export LOG_LEVEL=debug
else
  export DEBUG=false
  export LOG_LEVEL=info
fi

Multi-Service Projects (Monorepo)

bash

# root/.envrc
export PROJECT_ROOT="$(pwd)"
export COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME=myapp

# services/api/.envrc
source_up
export SERVICE_NAME=api
export SERVICE_PORT=3000

# services/web/.envrc
source_up
export SERVICE_NAME=web
export SERVICE_PORT=8080

Docker Integration

bash

# .envrc
export COMPOSE_FILE=docker-compose.yml
export COMPOSE_PROJECT_NAME="${PWD##*/}"

if has docker-compose; then
  export DOCKER_HOST="${DOCKER_HOST:-unix:///var/run/docker.sock}"
fi

# Add Docker bin for containers that install CLI tools
PATH_add .docker/bin

direnv

NPX Install

Tags

SKILL.md Content

direnv Skill

When to Use This Skill

Core Concepts

What is direnv?

Security Model

How It Works

Installation

macOS (Homebrew - Recommended)

Linux

Verify Installation

Shell Configuration

Zsh (~/.zshrc)

Bash (~/.bashrc)

Fish (~/.config/fish/config.fish)

After Configuration

.envrc File Basics

Creating an .envrc

Basic Syntax

Allowing the .envrc

Standard Library Functions

PATH Management

Environment File Loading

Language Layouts

Nix Integration

Version Managers

Validation

File Watching

Utility Functions

Best Practices

Recommended .envrc Template

Git Configuration

Secrets Management

Layered Configuration

Project Structure

Custom Extensions

Commands Reference

Troubleshooting

Environment Not Loading

Shell Hook Issues

Performance Issues

Debugging

IDE Integration

VS Code

JetBrains

Neovim

Common Patterns

Development vs Production

Multi-Service Projects (Monorepo)

Docker Integration

References