midnight-onchain-logic

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Original

English

🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

Onchain Logic and State

链上逻辑与状态

The Midnight node follows the standard Polkadot SDK model: core logic (except native pre-compiles) compiles to WebAssembly (WASM) and forms the runtime — the state transition function executed identically on every node.

Midnight节点遵循标准的Polkadot SDK模型：核心逻辑（原生预编译合约除外）编译为WebAssembly (WASM)并构成运行时（runtime）——每个节点都会执行相同的状态转换函数。

Runtime architecture

运行时架构

mermaid

flowchart TB
  subgraph Runtime["WASM Runtime"]
    direction TB
    PA["pallet-aura"]
    PG["pallet-grandpa"]
    PS["pallet-partnerchains-session"]
    PVM["pallet_session_validator_management"]
    PM["pallet-midnight ★"]
    Other["Other FRAME pallets"]
  end

  Block["Incoming block + extrinsics"] --> Runtime
  Runtime --> Trie["Patricia-Merkle trie commit"]
  Trie --> DB["ParityDB persistence"]
  PM --> Ledger["Midnight Ledger state commitment"]

mermaid

flowchart TB
  subgraph Runtime["WASM Runtime"]
    direction TB
    PA["pallet-aura"]
    PG["pallet-grandpa"]
    PS["pallet-partnerchains-session"]
    PVM["pallet_session_validator_management"]
    PM["pallet-midnight ★"]
    Other["Other FRAME pallets"]
  end

  Block["Incoming block + extrinsics"] --> Runtime
  Runtime --> Trie["Patricia-Merkle trie commit"]
  Trie --> DB["ParityDB persistence"]
  PM --> Ledger["Midnight Ledger state commitment"]

FRAME pallets

Each FRAME pallet encapsulates a domain of on-chain logic and may define:

Storage (maps, multi-maps, lists, values)
Events
Dispatchable functions (transactions)
Offchain workers
Hooks
Host-exposed functions
RPC methods

This modular design is similar in spirit to a smart contract framework, but logic is compiled ahead of time and governed at the chain level.

每个FRAME pallet封装了一个链上逻辑领域，可能定义：

存储（映射、多映射、列表、值）
事件
可调度函数（交易）
链下工作器
钩子
主机暴露函数
RPC方法

这种模块化设计在理念上类似智能合约框架，但逻辑是提前编译并在链层面进行管控的。

Key pallets on Midnight

Midnight上的关键pallets

Pallet	Role
`pallet-aura`	Block production via AURA
`pallet-grandpa`	Finality via GRANDPA
`pallet-partnerchains-session`	Session rotation in Partnerchain context
`pallet_session_validator_management`	Validator set coordination
`pallet-midnight`	Core privacy-preserving transaction logic

Pallet	角色
`pallet-aura`	通过AURA生成区块
`pallet-grandpa`	通过GRANDPA实现最终确定性
`pallet-partnerchains-session`	合作链场景下的会话轮换
`pallet_session_validator_management`	验证者集协调
`pallet-midnight`	核心隐私保护交易逻辑

pallet-midnight: the ledger state machine

pallet-midnight：账本状态机

pallet-midnight

is internally maintained and encapsulates the Midnight Ledger state machine.

mermaid

sequenceDiagram
  participant Tx as Ledger transaction
  participant Pool as Transaction pool
  participant PM as pallet-midnight
  participant Lib as Native proof libraries
  participant State as On-chain storage

  Tx->>Pool: Submit (unsigned, proof-embedded)
  Pool->>Pool: Well-formedness check
  Pool->>PM: Included in block
  PM->>Lib: Verify cryptographic proof
  Lib-->>PM: Valid / invalid
  PM->>State: Execute state transition
  State->>State: Commit trie + ledger commitment

pallet-midnight

由内部维护，封装了Midnight Ledger状态机。

mermaid

sequenceDiagram
  participant Tx as Ledger transaction
  participant Pool as Transaction pool
  participant PM as pallet-midnight
  participant Lib as Native proof libraries
  participant State as On-chain storage

  Tx->>Pool: Submit (unsigned, proof-embedded)
  Pool->>Pool: Well-formedness check
  Pool->>PM: Included in block
  PM->>Lib: Verify cryptographic proof
  Lib-->>PM: Valid / invalid
  PM->>State: Execute state transition
  State->>State: Commit trie + ledger commitment

What it processes

处理内容

ZSwap asset transfers
Contract operations (deploy, invoke)
Specialized transactions from the Midnight Ledger format

ZSwap资产转移
合约操作（部署、调用）
Midnight Ledger格式的特殊交易

Validation model

验证模型

Not traditional signature-based dispatch for ledger txs.
Each transaction embeds a cryptographic proof attesting validity.
Native libraries verify proofs and execute corresponding state transitions.

账本交易不采用传统的基于签名的调度方式。
每笔交易都嵌入一份密码学证明以证明其有效性。
原生库验证证明并执行相应的状态转换。

State commitment

状态承诺

After execution:

New state is committed on-chain.
Canonical ledger state lives in a Patricia-Merkle trie backed by a key-value database.
A commitment to the full Midnight Ledger state is persisted per block — tamper-proof and verifiable.

执行完成后：

新状态在链上提交。
规范账本状态存储在由键值数据库支持的Patricia-Merkle前缀树中。
每个区块都会持久化一份完整Midnight Ledger状态的承诺——防篡改且可验证。

Public vs ledger state

公共状态 vs 账本状态

State type	Where	Visibility
Substrate runtime storage	Patricia-Merkle trie	Standard on-chain queries
Midnight Ledger commitment	Persisted per block	Verifiable snapshot of ledger
Contract ledger fields	Via `disclose()` in Compact	Selectively public per contract design

For application-level privacy patterns, see

why-midnight/

and

compact/

状态类型	存储位置	可见性
Substrate运行时存储	Patricia-Merkle前缀树	标准链上查询
Midnight Ledger承诺	按区块持久化	可验证的账本快照
合约账本字段	通过Compact中的 `disclose()`	根据合约设计选择性公开

如需了解应用级隐私模式，请查看

why-midnight/

和

compact/

。

midnight-onchain-logic

Original

Translation

Onchain Logic and State

链上逻辑与状态

Runtime architecture

运行时架构

FRAME pallets

FRAME pallets

Key pallets on Midnight

Midnight上的关键pallets

pallet-midnight: the ledger state machine

pallet-midnight：账本状态机

What it processes

处理内容

Validation model

验证模型

State commitment

状态承诺

Public vs ledger state

公共状态 vs 账本状态

Related skills

相关技能