make

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Original

English

🇨🇳

Translation

Chinese

GNU Make

Purpose

用途

Guide agents through idiomatic Makefile patterns for C/C++ projects: phony targets, pattern rules, automatic dependency generation, and common build idioms.

指导开发者掌握C/C++项目中符合惯例的Makefile模式：伪目标、模式规则、自动依赖生成以及常见构建惯例。

Triggers

触发场景

"How do I write a Makefile for my C project?"
"My Makefile rebuilds everything every time"
"How do I add dependency tracking to Make?"
"What does
```
$@
```
,
```
$<
```
,
```
$^
```
mean?"
"I'm getting 'make: Nothing to be done for all'"
"How do I convert my shell compile script to a Makefile?"

"如何为我的C项目编写Makefile？"
"我的Makefile每次都会重新构建所有内容"
"如何为Make添加依赖跟踪功能？"
"
```
$@
```
、
```
$<
```
、
```
$^
```
是什么意思？"
"我遇到了'make: Nothing to be done for all'错误"
"如何将我的Shell编译脚本转换为Makefile？"

Workflow

工作流程

1. Minimal correct Makefile for C

1. 适用于C项目的最简标准Makefile

makefile

CC      := gcc
CFLAGS  := -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -g -O2
LDFLAGS :=
LDLIBS  :=

SRCS    := $(wildcard src/*.c)
OBJS    := $(SRCS:src/%.c=build/%.o)
TARGET  := build/prog

.PHONY: all clean

all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $(LDLIBS)

build/%.o: src/%.c | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

build:
	mkdir -p build

clean:
	rm -rf build

Automatic variables:

```
$@
```
— target name
```
$<
```
— first prerequisite
```
$^
```
— all prerequisites (deduplicated)
```
$*
```
— stem (the
```
%
```
part in a pattern rule)
```
$(@D)
```
— directory part of
```
$@
```

makefile

CC      := gcc
CFLAGS  := -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -g -O2
LDFLAGS :=
LDLIBS  :=

SRCS    := $(wildcard src/*.c)
OBJS    := $(SRCS:src/%.c=build/%.o)
TARGET  := build/prog

.PHONY: all clean

all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $(LDLIBS)

build/%.o: src/%.c | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

build:
	mkdir -p build

clean:
	rm -rf build

自动变量：

```
$@
```
— 目标名称
```
$<
```
— 第一个依赖项
```
$^
```
— 所有依赖项（去重后）
```
$*
```
— 匹配符（模式规则中的
```
%
```
部分）
```
$(@D)
```
—
```
$@
```
中的目录部分

2. Automatic dependency generation

2. 自动依赖生成

Without this, changing a header doesn't trigger a rebuild of

.c

files that include it.

makefile

CC      := gcc
CFLAGS  := -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -g -O2
DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP            # -MMD: generate .d file; -MP: phony targets for headers

SRCS    := $(wildcard src/*.c)
OBJS    := $(SRCS:src/%.c=build/%.o)
DEPS    := $(OBJS:.o=.d)
TARGET  := build/prog

.PHONY: all clean

all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $(LDLIBS)

build/%.o: src/%.c | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(DEPFLAGS) -MF $(@:.o=.d) -c -o $@ $<

-include $(DEPS)    # '-' ignores errors on first build (no .d files yet)

build:
	mkdir -p build

clean:
	rm -rf build

如果没有此功能，修改头文件不会触发包含该头文件的

.c

文件重新构建。

makefile

CC      := gcc
CFLAGS  := -std=c11 -Wall -Wextra -g -O2
DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP            # -MMD: 生成.d文件; -MP: 为头文件创建伪目标

SRCS    := $(wildcard src/*.c)
OBJS    := $(SRCS:src/%.c=build/%.o)
DEPS    := $(OBJS:.o=.d)
TARGET  := build/prog

.PHONY: all clean

all: $(TARGET)

$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ $(LDLIBS)

build/%.o: src/%.c | build
	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(DEPFLAGS) -MF $(@:.o=.d) -c -o $@ $<

-include $(DEPS)    # '-' 表示首次构建时忽略.d文件不存在的错误

build:
	mkdir -p build

clean:
	rm -rf build

3. Pattern rules cheatsheet

3. 模式规则速查表

makefile

undefined

makefile

undefined

Compile C

编译C文件

%.o: %.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

Compile C++

编译C++文件

%.o: %.cpp $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

Generate assembly

生成汇编代码

%.s: %.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -S -o $@ $<

Run a tool on each file

对每个文件运行工具

build/%.processed: src/%.raw | build mytool $< > $@

undefined

build/%.processed: src/%.raw | build mytool $< > $@

undefined

4. Common Make patterns

4. 常见Make模式

Debug and release builds

调试与发布构建

makefile

BUILD ?= release

ifeq ($(BUILD),debug)
  CFLAGS += -g -Og -DDEBUG
else
  CFLAGS += -O2 -DNDEBUG
endif

Usage:

make BUILD=debug

makefile

BUILD ?= release

ifeq ($(BUILD),debug)
  CFLAGS += -g -Og -DDEBUG
else
  CFLAGS += -O2 -DNDEBUG
endif

使用方式：

make BUILD=debug

Parallel builds

并行构建

bash

make -j$(nproc)     # use all CPUs
make -j4            # exactly 4 jobs

Add

-Otarget

(or

-O

) for ordered output:

make -j$(nproc) -O

bash

make -j$(nproc)     # 使用所有CPU核心
make -j4            # 恰好运行4个任务

添加

-Otarget

（或

-O

）以按顺序输出：

make -j$(nproc) -O

Verbose output

详细输出

makefile

undefined

makefile

undefined

In Makefile: suppress with @

在Makefile中：用@抑制命令输出

build/%.o: src/%.c | build @echo " CC $<" @$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<


Override silence: `make V=1` if you guard with `$(V)`:

```makefile
Q := $(if $(V),,@)
build/%.o: src/%.c
	$(Q)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

build/%.o: src/%.c | build @echo " CC $<" @$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<


如果用`$(V)`做判断，可以通过`make V=1`取消静默输出：

```makefile
Q := $(if $(V),,@)
build/%.o: src/%.c
	$(Q)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

Installing

安装

makefile

PREFIX ?= /usr/local

install: $(TARGET)
	install -d $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin
	install -m 0755 $(TARGET) $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin/

makefile

PREFIX ?= /usr/local

install: $(TARGET)
	install -d $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin
	install -m 0755 $(TARGET) $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/bin/

5. Multi-directory projects

5. 多目录项目

For medium projects, avoid recursive make (fragile, slow). Use a flat Makefile that includes sub-makefiles:

makefile

undefined

对于中型项目，避免使用递归make（脆弱且缓慢）。使用一个顶层Makefile包含子Makefile：

makefile

undefined

project/Makefile

include lib/module.mk include src/app.mk


```makefile

include lib/module.mk include src/app.mk


```makefile

lib/module.mk

LIB_SRCS := $(wildcard lib/*.c) LIB_OBJS := $(LIB_SRCS:lib/%.c=build/lib_%.o) OBJS += $(LIB_OBJS)

build/lib_%.o: lib/%.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

undefined

LIB_SRCS := $(wildcard lib/*.c) LIB_OBJS := $(LIB_SRCS:lib/%.c=build/lib_%.o) OBJS += $(LIB_OBJS)

build/lib_%.o: lib/%.c $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c -o $@ $<

undefined

6. Common errors

6. 常见错误

Error	Cause	Fix
`No rule to make target 'foo.o'`	Missing source or rule	Check source path and pattern rule
`Nothing to be done for 'all'`	Targets up to date	Touch a source file or run `make clean`
`Circular dependency dropped`	Target depends on itself	Check dependency chain
`missing separator`	Tab vs spaces	Recipes must use a tab, not spaces
`*** multiple target patterns`	Pattern rule syntax error	Check `%` placement
Rebuilds everything every time	Timestamps wrong, or PHONY missing	Check `date` ; ensure `all` is `.PHONY`
Header change not detected	No dep tracking	Add `-MMD -MP` and `-include $(DEPS)`

For a full variable and function reference, see references/cheatsheet.md.

错误信息	原因	解决方法
`No rule to make target 'foo.o'`	缺少源文件或规则	检查源文件路径和模式规则
`Nothing to be done for 'all'`	所有目标均已更新	修改某个源文件或执行 `make clean`
`Circular dependency dropped`	目标依赖自身	检查依赖链
`missing separator`	制表符与空格混淆	命令必须使用制表符，而非空格
`*** multiple target patterns`	模式规则语法错误	检查 `%` 的位置
每次都重新构建所有内容	时间戳错误，或缺少伪目标声明	检查系统时间；确保 `all` 被声明为 `.PHONY`
修改头文件后未触发重新构建	未配置依赖跟踪	添加 `-MMD -MP` 参数并使用 `-include $(DEPS)`

完整的变量与函数参考，请查看references/cheatsheet.md。

make

Original

Translation

GNU Make

GNU Make

Purpose

用途

Triggers

触发场景

Workflow

工作流程

1. Minimal correct Makefile for C

1. 适用于C项目的最简标准Makefile

2. Automatic dependency generation

2. 自动依赖生成

3. Pattern rules cheatsheet

3. 模式规则速查表

Compile C

编译C文件

Compile C++

编译C++文件

Generate assembly

生成汇编代码

Run a tool on each file

对每个文件运行工具

4. Common Make patterns

4. 常见Make模式

Debug and release builds

调试与发布构建

Parallel builds

并行构建

Verbose output

详细输出

In Makefile: suppress with @

在Makefile中：用@抑制命令输出

Installing

安装

5. Multi-directory projects

5. 多目录项目

project/Makefile

project/Makefile

lib/module.mk

lib/module.mk

6. Common errors

6. 常见错误

Related skills

相关技能