// Declaration (hoisted)
function greet(name) { return `Hello, ${name}!`; }

// Expression (not hoisted)
const greet = function(name) { return `Hello, ${name}!`; };

// Arrow (lexical this)
const greet = (name) => `Hello, ${name}!`;
const greet = name => `Hello, ${name}!`;  // Single param
const getUser = async (id) => await fetch(`/api/${id}`);

Global Scope
  └── Function Scope
        └── Block Scope (let/const)

const global = 'accessible everywhere';

function outer() {
  const outerVar = 'accessible in outer + inner';

  function inner() {
    const innerVar = 'only accessible here';
    console.log(global, outerVar, innerVar); // All work
  }
}

function createCounter() {
  let count = 0;  // Private state

  return {
    increment: () => ++count,
    decrement: () => --count,
    get: () => count
  };
}

const counter = createCounter();
counter.increment(); // 1
counter.increment(); // 2

// Explicit binding
fn.call(thisArg, arg1, arg2);
fn.apply(thisArg, [args]);
const bound = fn.bind(thisArg);

// IIFE (Immediately Invoked)
const module = (function() {
  const private = 'hidden';
  return { getPrivate: () => private };
})();

// Currying
const multiply = a => b => a * b;
const double = multiply(2);
double(5); // 10

// Memoization
function memoize(fn) {
  const cache = new Map();
  return (...args) => {
    const key = JSON.stringify(args);
    if (!cache.has(key)) cache.set(key, fn(...args));
    return cache.get(key);
  };
}

// BUG: var is function-scoped
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  setTimeout(() => console.log(i), 100);
}
// Output: 3, 3, 3

// FIX: Use let (block-scoped)
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
  setTimeout(() => console.log(i), 100);
}
// Output: 0, 1, 2

// 1. Check this context
console.log('this is:', this);

// 2. Verify closure captures
function test() {
  let x = 1;
  return () => { console.log('x:', x); };
}

// 3. Check hoisting
console.log(typeof myFunc); // 'function' or 'undefined'?

function createLogger(prefix) {
  return {
    log: (msg) => console.log(`[${prefix}] ${msg}`),
    error: (msg) => console.error(`[${prefix}] ${msg}`)
  };
}

const apiLogger = createLogger('API');
apiLogger.log('Request received');

function debounce(fn, delay) {
  let timeoutId;
  return (...args) => {
    clearTimeout(timeoutId);
    timeoutId = setTimeout(() => fn(...args), delay);
  };
}