React Three Fiber

Overview

React Three Fiber (R3F) is a React renderer for Three.js that brings declarative, component-based 3D development to React applications. Instead of imperatively creating and managing Three.js objects, you build 3D scenes using JSX components that map directly to Three.js objects.

When to Use This Skill:

Building 3D experiences within React applications
Creating interactive product configurators or showcases
Developing 3D portfolios, galleries, or storytelling experiences
Building games or simulations in React
Adding 3D elements to existing React projects
When you need state management and React hooks with 3D graphics
When working with React frameworks (Next.js, Gatsby, Remix)

Key Benefits:

Declarative: Write 3D scenes like React components
React Integration: Full access to hooks, context, state management
Reusability: Create and share 3D component libraries
Performance: Automatic render optimization and reconciliation
Ecosystem: Works with Drei helpers, Zustand, Framer Motion, etc.
TypeScript Support: Full type safety for Three.js objects

Core Concepts

1. Canvas Component

The

<Canvas>

component sets up a Three.js scene, camera, renderer, and render loop.

jsx

import { Canvas } from '@react-three/fiber'

function App() {
  return (
    <Canvas
      camera={{ position: [0, 0, 5], fov: 75 }}
      gl={{ antialias: true }}
      dpr={[1, 2]}
    >
      {/* 3D content goes here */}
    </Canvas>
  )
}

Canvas Props:

```
camera
```
- Camera configuration (position, fov, near, far)
```
gl
```
- WebGL renderer settings
```
dpr
```
- Device pixel ratio (default: [1, 2])
```
shadows
```
- Enable shadow mapping (default: false)
```
frameloop
```
- "always" (default), "demand", or "never"
```
flat
```
- Disable color management for simpler colors
```
linear
```
- Use linear color space instead of sRGB

2. Declarative 3D Objects

Three.js objects are created using JSX with kebab-case props:

jsx

// THREE.Mesh + THREE.BoxGeometry + THREE.MeshStandardMaterial
<mesh position={[0, 0, 0]} rotation={[0, Math.PI / 4, 0]}>
  <boxGeometry args={[1, 1, 1]} />
  <meshStandardMaterial color="hotpink" />
</mesh>

Prop Mapping:

```
position
```
→
```
object.position.set(x, y, z)
```
```
rotation
```
→
```
object.rotation.set(x, y, z)
```
```
scale
```
→
```
object.scale.set(x, y, z)
```
```
args
```
→ Constructor arguments for geometry/material
```
attach
```
→ Attach to parent property (e.g.,
```
attach="material"
```
)

Shorthand Notation:

jsx

// Full notation
<mesh position={[1, 2, 3]} />

// Axis-specific (dash notation)
<mesh position-x={1} position-y={2} position-z={3} />

3. useFrame Hook

Execute code on every frame (animation loop):

jsx

import { useFrame } from '@react-three/fiber'
import { useRef } from 'react'

function RotatingBox() {
  const meshRef = useRef()

  useFrame((state, delta) => {
    // Rotate mesh on every frame
    meshRef.current.rotation.x += delta
    meshRef.current.rotation.y += delta * 0.5

    // Access scene state
    const time = state.clock.elapsedTime
    meshRef.current.position.y = Math.sin(time) * 2
  })

  return (
    <mesh ref={meshRef}>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial color="orange" />
    </mesh>
  )
}

useFrame Parameters:

```
state
```
- Scene state (camera, scene, gl, clock, etc.)
```
delta
```
- Time since last frame (for frame-rate independence)
```
xrFrame
```
- XR frame data (for VR/AR)

Important: Never use

setState

inside

useFrame

- it causes unnecessary re-renders!

4. useThree Hook

Access scene state and methods:

jsx

import { useThree } from '@react-three/fiber'

function CameraInfo() {
  const { camera, gl, scene, size, viewport } = useThree()

  // Selective subscription (only re-render on size change)
  const size = useThree((state) => state.size)

  // Get state non-reactively
  const get = useThree((state) => state.get)
  const freshState = get() // Latest state without triggering re-render

  return null
}

Available State:

```
camera
```
- Default camera
```
scene
```
- Three.js scene
```
gl
```
- WebGL renderer
```
size
```
- Canvas dimensions
```
viewport
```
- Viewport dimensions in 3D units
```
clock
```
- Three.js clock
```
pointer
```
- Normalized mouse coordinates
```
invalidate()
```
- Manually trigger render
```
setSize()
```
- Manually resize canvas

5. useLoader Hook

Load assets with automatic caching and Suspense integration:

jsx

import { Suspense } from 'react'
import { useLoader } from '@react-three/fiber'
import { GLTFLoader } from 'three/examples/jsm/loaders/GLTFLoader'
import { TextureLoader } from 'three'

function Model() {
  const gltf = useLoader(GLTFLoader, '/model.glb')
  return <primitive object={gltf.scene} />
}

function TexturedMesh() {
  const texture = useLoader(TextureLoader, '/texture.jpg')
  return (
    <mesh>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial map={texture} />
    </mesh>
  )
}

function App() {
  return (
    <Canvas>
      <Suspense fallback={<LoadingIndicator />}>
        <Model />
        <TexturedMesh />
      </Suspense>
    </Canvas>
  )
}

Loading Multiple Assets:

jsx

const [texture1, texture2, texture3] = useLoader(TextureLoader, [
  '/tex1.jpg',
  '/tex2.jpg',
  '/tex3.jpg'
])

Loader Extensions:

jsx

import { DRACOLoader } from 'three/examples/jsm/loaders/DRACOLoader'

useLoader(GLTFLoader, '/model.glb', (loader) => {
  const dracoLoader = new DRACOLoader()
  dracoLoader.setDecoderPath('/draco/')
  loader.setDRACOLoader(dracoLoader)
})

Pre-loading:

jsx

// Pre-load assets before component mounts
useLoader.preload(GLTFLoader, '/model.glb')

Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Basic Scene Setup

jsx

import { Canvas } from '@react-three/fiber'

function Scene() {
  return (
    <>
      {/* Lights */}
      <ambientLight intensity={0.5} />
      <spotLight position={[10, 10, 10]} angle={0.15} penumbra={1} />

      {/* Objects */}
      <mesh position={[0, 0, 0]}>
        <boxGeometry args={[1, 1, 1]} />
        <meshStandardMaterial color="hotpink" />
      </mesh>
    </>
  )
}

function App() {
  return (
    <Canvas camera={{ position: [0, 0, 5], fov: 75 }}>
      <Scene />
    </Canvas>
  )
}

Pattern 2: Interactive Objects (Click, Hover)

jsx

import { useState } from 'react'

function InteractiveBox() {
  const [hovered, setHovered] = useState(false)
  const [active, setActive] = useState(false)

  return (
    <mesh
      scale={active ? 1.5 : 1}
      onClick={() => setActive(!active)}
      onPointerOver={() => setHovered(true)}
      onPointerOut={() => setHovered(false)}
    >
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial color={hovered ? 'hotpink' : 'orange'} />
    </mesh>
  )
}

Pattern 3: Animated Component with useFrame

jsx

import { useRef } from 'react'
import { useFrame } from '@react-three/fiber'

function AnimatedSphere() {
  const meshRef = useRef()

  useFrame((state, delta) => {
    // Rotate
    meshRef.current.rotation.y += delta

    // Oscillate position
    const time = state.clock.elapsedTime
    meshRef.current.position.y = Math.sin(time) * 2
  })

  return (
    <mesh ref={meshRef}>
      <sphereGeometry args={[1, 32, 32]} />
      <meshStandardMaterial color="cyan" />
    </mesh>
  )
}

Pattern 4: Loading GLTF Models

jsx

import { Suspense } from 'react'
import { useLoader } from '@react-three/fiber'
import { GLTFLoader } from 'three/examples/jsm/loaders/GLTFLoader'

function Model({ url }) {
  const gltf = useLoader(GLTFLoader, url)

  return (
    <primitive
      object={gltf.scene}
      scale={0.5}
      position={[0, 0, 0]}
    />
  )
}

function App() {
  return (
    <Canvas>
      <Suspense fallback={<LoadingPlaceholder />}>
        <Model url="/model.glb" />
      </Suspense>
    </Canvas>
  )
}

function LoadingPlaceholder() {
  return (
    <mesh>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshBasicMaterial wireframe />
    </mesh>
  )
}

Pattern 5: Multiple Lights

jsx

function Lighting() {
  return (
    <>
      {/* Ambient light for base illumination */}
      <ambientLight intensity={0.3} />

      {/* Directional light with shadows */}
      <directionalLight
        position={[5, 5, 5]}
        intensity={1}
        castShadow
        shadow-mapSize-width={2048}
        shadow-mapSize-height={2048}
      />

      {/* Point light for accent */}
      <pointLight position={[-5, 5, -5]} intensity={0.5} color="blue" />

      {/* Spot light for focused illumination */}
      <spotLight
        position={[10, 10, 10]}
        angle={0.3}
        penumbra={1}
        intensity={1}
      />
    </>
  )
}

Pattern 6: Instancing (Many Objects)

jsx

import { useMemo, useRef } from 'react'
import * as THREE from 'three'
import { useFrame } from '@react-three/fiber'

function Particles({ count = 1000 }) {
  const meshRef = useRef()

  // Generate random positions
  const particles = useMemo(() => {
    const temp = []
    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
      const t = Math.random() * 100
      const factor = 20 + Math.random() * 100
      const speed = 0.01 + Math.random() / 200
      const x = Math.random() * 2 - 1
      const y = Math.random() * 2 - 1
      const z = Math.random() * 2 - 1
      temp.push({ t, factor, speed, x, y, z, mx: 0, my: 0 })
    }
    return temp
  }, [count])

  const dummy = useMemo(() => new THREE.Object3D(), [])

  useFrame(() => {
    particles.forEach((particle, i) => {
      let { t, factor, speed, x, y, z } = particle
      t = particle.t += speed / 2
      const a = Math.cos(t) + Math.sin(t * 1) / 10
      const b = Math.sin(t) + Math.cos(t * 2) / 10
      const s = Math.cos(t)

      dummy.position.set(
        x + Math.cos((t / 10) * factor) + (Math.sin(t * 1) * factor) / 10,
        y + Math.sin((t / 10) * factor) + (Math.cos(t * 2) * factor) / 10,
        z + Math.cos((t / 10) * factor) + (Math.sin(t * 3) * factor) / 10
      )
      dummy.scale.set(s, s, s)
      dummy.updateMatrix()
      meshRef.current.setMatrixAt(i, dummy.matrix)
    })
    meshRef.current.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true
  })

  return (
    <instancedMesh ref={meshRef} args={[null, null, count]}>
      <sphereGeometry args={[0.05, 8, 8]} />
      <meshBasicMaterial color="white" />
    </instancedMesh>
  )
}

Pattern 7: Groups and Nesting

jsx

function Robot() {
  return (
    <group position={[0, 0, 0]}>
      {/* Body */}
      <mesh position={[0, 0, 0]}>
        <boxGeometry args={[1, 2, 1]} />
        <meshStandardMaterial color="gray" />
      </mesh>

      {/* Head */}
      <mesh position={[0, 1.5, 0]}>
        <sphereGeometry args={[0.5, 32, 32]} />
        <meshStandardMaterial color="silver" />
      </mesh>

      {/* Arms */}
      <group position={[-0.75, 0.5, 0]}>
        <mesh>
          <cylinderGeometry args={[0.1, 0.1, 1.5]} />
          <meshStandardMaterial color="darkgray" />
        </mesh>
      </group>

      <group position={[0.75, 0.5, 0]}>
        <mesh>
          <cylinderGeometry args={[0.1, 0.1, 1.5]} />
          <meshStandardMaterial color="darkgray" />
        </mesh>
      </group>
    </group>
  )
}

Integration with Drei Helpers

Drei is the essential helper library for R3F, providing ready-to-use components:

OrbitControls

jsx

import { OrbitControls } from '@react-three/drei'

<Canvas>
  <OrbitControls
    makeDefault
    enableDamping
    dampingFactor={0.05}
    minDistance={3}
    maxDistance={20}
  />
  <Box />
</Canvas>

Environment & Lighting

jsx

import { Environment, ContactShadows } from '@react-three/drei'

<Canvas>
  {/* HDRI environment map */}
  <Environment preset="sunset" />

  {/* Or custom */}
  <Environment files="/hdri.hdr" />

  {/* Soft contact shadows */}
  <ContactShadows
    opacity={0.5}
    scale={10}
    blur={1}
    far={10}
    resolution={256}
  />

  <Model />
</Canvas>

Text

jsx

import { Text, Text3D } from '@react-three/drei'

// 2D Billboard text
<Text
  position={[0, 2, 0]}
  fontSize={1}
  color="white"
  anchorX="center"
  anchorY="middle"
>
  Hello World
</Text>

// 3D extruded text
<Text3D
  font="/fonts/helvetiker_regular.typeface.json"
  size={1}
  height={0.2}
>
  3D Text
  <meshNormalMaterial />
</Text3D>

useGLTF Hook (Drei)

jsx

import { useGLTF } from '@react-three/drei'

function Model() {
  const { scene, materials, nodes } = useGLTF('/model.glb')

  return <primitive object={scene} />
}

// Pre-load
useGLTF.preload('/model.glb')

Center & Bounds

jsx

import { Center, Bounds, useBounds } from '@react-three/drei'

// Auto-center objects
<Center>
  <Model />
</Center>

// Auto-fit camera to bounds
<Bounds fit clip observe margin={1.2}>
  <Model />
</Bounds>

HTML Overlay

jsx

import { Html } from '@react-three/drei'

<mesh>
  <boxGeometry />
  <meshStandardMaterial />

  <Html
    position={[0, 1, 0]}
    center
    distanceFactor={10}
  >
    <div className="annotation">
      This is a box
    </div>
  </Html>
</mesh>

Scroll Controls

jsx

import { ScrollControls, Scroll, useScroll } from '@react-three/drei'
import { useFrame } from '@react-three/fiber'

function AnimatedScene() {
  const scroll = useScroll()
  const meshRef = useRef()

  useFrame(() => {
    const offset = scroll.offset // 0-1 normalized scroll position
    meshRef.current.position.y = offset * 10
  })

  return <mesh ref={meshRef}>...</mesh>
}

<Canvas>
  <ScrollControls pages={3} damping={0.5}>
    <Scroll>
      <AnimatedScene />
    </Scroll>

    {/* HTML overlay */}
    <Scroll html>
      <div style={{ height: '100vh' }}>
        <h1>Scrollable content</h1>
      </div>
    </Scroll>
  </ScrollControls>
</Canvas>

Integration with Other Libraries

With GSAP

jsx

import { useRef, useEffect } from 'react'
import { useFrame } from '@react-three/fiber'
import gsap from 'gsap'

function AnimatedBox() {
  const meshRef = useRef()

  useEffect(() => {
    // GSAP timeline animation
    const tl = gsap.timeline({ repeat: -1, yoyo: true })

    tl.to(meshRef.current.position, {
      y: 2,
      duration: 1,
      ease: 'power2.inOut'
    })
    .to(meshRef.current.rotation, {
      y: Math.PI * 2,
      duration: 2,
      ease: 'none'
    }, 0)

    return () => tl.kill()
  }, [])

  return (
    <mesh ref={meshRef}>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial color="orange" />
    </mesh>
  )
}

With Framer Motion

jsx

import { motion } from 'framer-motion-3d'

function AnimatedSphere() {
  return (
    <motion.mesh
      initial={{ scale: 0 }}
      animate={{ scale: 1 }}
      transition={{ duration: 1 }}
    >
      <sphereGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial color="hotpink" />
    </motion.mesh>
  )
}

With Zustand (State Management)

jsx

import create from 'zustand'

const useStore = create((set) => ({
  color: 'orange',
  setColor: (color) => set({ color })
}))

function Box() {
  const color = useStore((state) => state.color)
  const setColor = useStore((state) => state.setColor)

  return (
    <mesh onClick={() => setColor('hotpink')}>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial color={color} />
    </mesh>
  )
}

Performance Optimization

1. On-Demand Rendering

jsx

<Canvas frameloop="demand">
  {/* Only renders when needed */}
</Canvas>

// Manually trigger render
function MyComponent() {
  const invalidate = useThree((state) => state.invalidate)

  return (
    <mesh onClick={() => invalidate()}>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial />
    </mesh>
  )
}

2. Instancing

Use

<instancedMesh>

for rendering many identical objects:

jsx

function Particles({ count = 10000 }) {
  const meshRef = useRef()

  useEffect(() => {
    const temp = new THREE.Object3D()

    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
      temp.position.set(
        Math.random() * 10 - 5,
        Math.random() * 10 - 5,
        Math.random() * 10 - 5
      )
      temp.updateMatrix()
      meshRef.current.setMatrixAt(i, temp.matrix)
    }

    meshRef.current.instanceMatrix.needsUpdate = true
  }, [count])

  return (
    <instancedMesh ref={meshRef} args={[null, null, count]}>
      <sphereGeometry args={[0.1, 8, 8]} />
      <meshBasicMaterial color="white" />
    </instancedMesh>
  )
}

3. Frustum Culling

Objects outside the camera view are automatically culled.

jsx

// Disable for always-visible objects
<mesh frustumCulled={false}>
  <boxGeometry />
  <meshStandardMaterial />
</mesh>

4. LOD (Level of Detail)

jsx

import { Detailed } from '@react-three/drei'

<Detailed distances={[0, 10, 20]}>
  {/* High detail - close to camera */}
  <mesh geometry={highPolyGeometry} />

  {/* Medium detail */}
  <mesh geometry={mediumPolyGeometry} />

  {/* Low detail - far from camera */}
  <mesh geometry={lowPolyGeometry} />
</Detailed>

5. Adaptive Performance

jsx

import { AdaptiveDpr, AdaptiveEvents, PerformanceMonitor } from '@react-three/drei'

<Canvas>
  {/* Reduce DPR when performance drops */}
  <AdaptiveDpr pixelated />

  {/* Reduce raycast frequency */}
  <AdaptiveEvents />

  {/* Monitor and respond to performance */}
  <PerformanceMonitor
    onIncline={() => console.log('Performance improved')}
    onDecline={() => console.log('Performance degraded')}
  >
    <Scene />
  </PerformanceMonitor>
</Canvas>

6. Selective Re-renders

Use

useThree

selectors to avoid unnecessary re-renders:

jsx

// ❌ Re-renders on any state change
const state = useThree()

// ✅ Only re-renders when size changes
const size = useThree((state) => state.size)

// ✅ Only re-renders when camera changes
const camera = useThree((state) => state.camera)

Common Pitfalls & Solutions

❌ Pitfall 1: setState in useFrame

jsx

// ❌ BAD: Triggers React re-renders every frame
const [x, setX] = useState(0)
useFrame(() => setX((x) => x + 0.1))
return <mesh position-x={x} />

✅ Solution: Mutate refs directly

jsx

// ✅ GOOD: Direct mutation, no re-renders
const meshRef = useRef()
useFrame((state, delta) => {
  meshRef.current.position.x += delta
})
return <mesh ref={meshRef} />

❌ Pitfall 2: Creating Objects in Render

jsx

// ❌ BAD: Creates new Vector3 every render
<mesh position={new THREE.Vector3(1, 2, 3)} />

✅ Solution: Use arrays or useMemo

jsx

// ✅ GOOD: Use array notation
<mesh position={[1, 2, 3]} />

// Or useMemo for complex objects
const position = useMemo(() => new THREE.Vector3(1, 2, 3), [])
<mesh position={position} />

❌ Pitfall 3: Not Using useLoader Cache

jsx

// ❌ BAD: Loads texture every render
function Component() {
  const [texture, setTexture] = useState()
  useEffect(() => {
    new TextureLoader().load('/texture.jpg', setTexture)
  }, [])
  return texture ? <meshBasicMaterial map={texture} /> : null
}

✅ Solution: Use useLoader (automatic caching)

jsx

// ✅ GOOD: Cached and reused
function Component() {
  const texture = useLoader(TextureLoader, '/texture.jpg')
  return <meshBasicMaterial map={texture} />
}

❌ Pitfall 4: Conditional Mounting (Expensive)

jsx

// ❌ BAD: Unmounts and remounts (expensive)
{stage === 1 && <Stage1 />}
{stage === 2 && <Stage2 />}
{stage === 3 && <Stage3 />}

✅ Solution: Use visibility prop

jsx

// ✅ GOOD: Components stay mounted, just hidden
<Stage1 visible={stage === 1} />
<Stage2 visible={stage === 2} />
<Stage3 visible={stage === 3} />

function Stage1({ visible, ...props }) {
  return <group {...props} visible={visible}>...</group>
}

❌ Pitfall 5: useThree Outside Canvas

jsx

// ❌ BAD: Crashes - useThree must be inside Canvas
function App() {
  const { size } = useThree()
  return <Canvas>...</Canvas>
}

✅ Solution: Use hooks inside Canvas children

jsx

// ✅ GOOD: useThree inside Canvas child
function CameraInfo() {
  const { size } = useThree()
  return null
}

function App() {
  return (
    <Canvas>
      <CameraInfo />
    </Canvas>
  )
}

❌ Pitfall 6: Not Disposing Resources

jsx

// ❌ BAD: Memory leak - textures not disposed
const texture = useLoader(TextureLoader, '/texture.jpg')

✅ Solution: R3F handles disposal automatically, but be careful with manual Three.js objects

jsx

// ✅ GOOD: Manual cleanup when needed
useEffect(() => {
  const geometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(1)
  const material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial()

  return () => {
    geometry.dispose()
    material.dispose()
  }
}, [])

Best Practices

1. Component Composition

Break scenes into reusable components:

jsx

function Lights() {
  return (
    <>
      <ambientLight intensity={0.5} />
      <spotLight position={[10, 10, 10]} angle={0.15} />
    </>
  )
}

function Scene() {
  return (
    <>
      <Lights />
      <Model />
      <Ground />
      <Effects />
    </>
  )
}

<Canvas>
  <Scene />
</Canvas>

2. Suspend Heavy Assets

Always wrap async operations in Suspense:

jsx

<Canvas>
  <Suspense fallback={<Loader />}>
    <Model />
    <Environment />
  </Suspense>
</Canvas>

3. Use TypeScript

typescript

import { ThreeElements } from '@react-three/fiber'

function Box(props: ThreeElements['mesh']) {
  return (
    <mesh {...props}>
      <boxGeometry />
      <meshStandardMaterial />
    </mesh>
  )
}

4. Organize by Feature

src/
  components/
    3d/
      Scene.tsx
      Lights.tsx
      Camera.tsx
    models/
      Robot.tsx
      Character.tsx
    effects/
      PostProcessing.tsx

5. Test with React DevTools Profiler

Monitor re-renders and optimize components causing performance issues.

Resources

References

```
references/api_reference.md
```
- Complete R3F & Drei API documentation
```
references/hooks_guide.md
```
- Detailed hooks usage and patterns
```
references/drei_helpers.md
```
- Comprehensive Drei library guide

Scripts

```
scripts/component_generator.py
```
- Generate R3F component boilerplate
```
scripts/scene_setup.py
```
- Initialize R3F scene with common patterns

Assets

```
assets/starter_r3f/
```
- Complete R3F + Vite starter template
```
assets/examples/
```
- Real-world R3F component examples

External Resources

Official Docs
Drei Docs
Three.js Docs
R3F Discord
Poimandres (pmnd.rs) - Ecosystem overview

react-three-fiber

NPX Install

Tags

SKILL.md Content